Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict

1
The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
(1890s-1947)
2
Anti-Semitism in France The Dreyfus Case, 1894
Capt. Alfred Dreyfus
Emile Zola
3
Zionism

• GOALSThe spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe
  Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland
  ofPalestine.
• Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

Theodore Herzl1860-1904
4
First Zionist Conference, 1897

• Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State
  in 1896.
• Met in Basel, Switzerland.
• Creates the First Zionist Congress.
• Becomes an international Jewishorganization.
• Next Year in Jerusalem!

5
The Ottoman Empire in The Great War
6
The Main Players in Great War
AlliedPowers
Central Powers
Nicholas II Russia
Wilhelm II Germany
George V Br
Victor Emmanuel II It
Enver PashaTurkey
Pres. Poincare Fr
Franz Josef A-H
7
The Middle East in 1914
8
T. E. Lawrence 1888-1935
Lawrence of Arabia,The Legend Begins
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Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915
....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold
the independence of the Arabs in all regions
lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif
of Mecca....
Hussein ibn Ali,Sharif of Mecca
10
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916
11
The Arab Revolt 1916-1918
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The Allied Advance Against the
Ottoman Turks
Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby
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The British Arab Armies Meet
British Forces
Lawrence Faisals Forces
14
British Promise to the Jews Balfour Declaration,
1917
His Majestys Government views with favor the
establishment in Palestine of a national home for
the Jewish people and will use their best
endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this
object, it being clearly understood that nothing
shall be done which may prejudice the civil and
religious rights of existing non-Jewish
communities in Palestine
Sir Arthur James BalfourBr. Foreign Secretary
15
Turkish Genocide against the Armenians
1.5 million A Portent of Future Horrors to
Come. Regarded as the first genocide of the
twentieth century
16
Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians
Districts Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 16,800
     
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey    
Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 15,000
Total 2,133,190 387,800
17
Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918
Arab Disappointment
18
The League of Nations Mandates
19
New Countries Ruling Families Emerge

• Prince Faisal ? ruler of Trans-Jordan.
• Prince Abdullah ? ruler of a newly-created
  Iraq pasted together from three
  distinctgeographic regions.
• The House of Saud ? put on the throne of
  thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.
• The Pahlavi Family ? put on the throne of a new
  Iran.
• Mustafa Kemal ? leads a military/nationalistmovem
  ent in Turkey.

20
The Treaty of Lausanne, 1923
Modern Turkey Is Born.
21
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk(1881-1938)
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Ataturks Reform Program

• Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.
• Secularism ? Quran in Turkish translation.
• Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss
  civil code.
• Westernization nationalism
• Compulsory, secular education.
• Banning the fez.
• Western Roman script.
• Western clothing.
• Women unveiled given full citizenship and the
  right to vote.

23
Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia

• First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in
  Persiain 1908.
• Turkish-Petroleum Co. TPC founded in 1911
  ?drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
• Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh
  of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance
  to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised
  exclusive oil rights to the British.
• Kuwait became a British protectorate in November,
  1914.
• In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the
  Iraq Petroleum Co. IPC was created.

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Oil Becomes the New InternationalCoin of the
Realm

• American oil companies Texaco Chevron,
  gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.
• In 1933, American oil companies win an
  oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.
• ARAMCO Arab-American Oil Co, is created in
  1939.

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Rezah Khan (1877-1944)

• an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt.
  in 1921.
• declared himself SHAH in1925.
• created the Pahlavi Dynasty.
• ruled from 1925-1941.
• initiated some modern reforms.
• forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied
  armies in 1941.

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Reforms in Iran

• Secularization ? seizure of religious lands.
• Adoption of the French civilcode.
• Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.
• Improved education.

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The Middle East Between the Wars
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The British in Palestine (1919-1947)
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Essential Question
How did Britains actions in Palestine after 1918
lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict
between the Jews and the Arabs in the Middle East
today?
30
Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire
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Jews and Arabs in Palestine, 1920

• In 1920, there was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs
  inPalestine.
• By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were losing control of
their country
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British Mandate in Palestinewas createdin
July, 1922
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Jewish Settlements The Kibbutz System

• The first one was founded in 1908.
• Communal living.
• Make the DesertBloom!

34

1929 Arab Riots
IZBAH AL-YAHUD! Slaughter All the Jews!
Immigration Immigration
1931 4,075
1932 12,533
1933 37,337
1934 45,267
1935 66,472
1936 29,595
1937 10,629
1938 14,675
1939 31,195
1940 10,643
1941 4,592
Jewish Jewish
1919 1,806
1920 8,223
1921 8,294
1922 8,685
1923 8,175
1924 13,892
1925 34,386
1926 13,855
1927 3,034
1928 2,178
1929 5,249
1930 4,944

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Palestine Arab Revolt 1936-1939
Their Goals

• An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.
• An end to the transferof lands to Jewish
  owners.
• A new generalrepresentative government.

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin
al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.
36
The Peel Commission and the Partition Plan, 1937
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The British White Paper of 1939

• Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to
  75,000 over the next five years.
• It ended Jewish landpurchases.
• Independence forPalestine within 10 years.
• It is NOT British policythat Palestine become
  aJewish state.

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The Arab Legion of theBritish Army During WW2
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The Jewish Brigade of theBritish Army During
WW2
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HitlersFinalSolution
The Jewish population in each country in 1942.
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Nazi Concentration Extermination Camps
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The Nazi Holocaust

• 6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis 50 in
  the concentration camps.

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Aliyah Bet Illegal Jewish Immigration
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Aliyah Bet

• Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
• The Exodus, 1947.

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Palestine Population in 1946
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British Detention Campsin Cyprus 1946-1948
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Jewish Freedom Fighters(or Terrorists?)
Irgun Zvai LeumiNatl. Military Org.
Avraham Stern The Stern Gang
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The U. N. Partition Plan of 1947
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Israel Becomes a NationMay 14, 1948
David Ben-Gurion,1st Prime Minister
Chaim Weizmann,1st President
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War Begins - May 15, 1948
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The Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora (NAKBA) begins
52
The Armistice Signed, 1949