CP Kingdom Protista

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CPKingdom Protista

• Chapter 19

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Quiz Self Quiz

• 1. Have you ever eaten ice cream?
• 2. Have you ever brushed your teeth ??
• 3. Have you ever eaten sushi?
• 4. Have you ever seen red tide?
• 5. Are you of Irish heritage?

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Questions you need to know

• 1. What are the general characteristics of
  Protists?
• 2. What are the 3 types of Protist? (and some
  examples)
• 3. What makes Protists weird?!?!

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Classification
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What is a Protist?

• Classified in Kingdom Protista
• Protista means very first
• Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
• Are like Plants, Animals and Fungi but arent
• Why is this name fitting?
• Protists are the simplest Eukaryotes
• Nucleus and Membrane Bound Organelles
• Domain Eukarya
• Evolutionarily could have been ancestor
  eukaryote organism

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Protists are Weird!
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Classification

• Classified by how they get energy
• Animal Like Protists - Heterotrophic
• Must EAT their food
• Move around like animals
• Unicellular UNLIKE Kingdom Animalia
• Plant Like Protists - Autotrophic
• MAKE their own food
• Lack organs/parts UNLIKE Kingdom Plantae
• 3. Fungal Like Protists Decomposers/Parasites
• ABSORB their food externally.
• Lack chitin and have centrioles UNLIKE Kingdom
  Fungi

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Animal-Like Protists

• Once called Protozoans First Animals
• Make up 70 Percent of all Human Parasites
• Why not animals? Unicellular!
• 4 Groups based on how they move
• 1. Zooflagellates use flagella to move
• 2. Pseudopods move by extension in cytoplasm
• 3. Ciliates use cilia to move
• 4. Sporozoans do not move at all

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Zooflagellates

• Movement flagella
• Eating Through cell membrane
• Ex Trypanosoma African Sleeping Sickness

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2. Pseudopods

• Movement Pseudopods
• Eating Endocytosis through pseudopods
• Structures
• Contractile Vacuole controls water in cell
• Food vacuole holds food
• Ex Amoeba proteus
• Ex Amoeba enteraus

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Amoeba in Action

• How does it move?
• How does it eat?

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3. CilliatesEx Paramecium

• Movement Cilia
• Eating Oral groove ? gullet
• Structures micro and macro nuclei, food vacuole,
  contractile vacuole
• Neat fact Swap micronuclei during conjugation
  sexual reproduction

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Paramecia in Action
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4. Sporozoans

• Movement Cant move on their own (need a host)
• Eating through membrane
• Neat facts
• Obligate parasites
• Complex life cycles that involve many hosts
• Ex Plasmodium, Causes Malaria

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Fungus-Like Protists

• Like Fungi
• Heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or
  decaying organic matter.
• Recycle nutrients
• Unlike fungi fungus-like protists have
  centrioles and lack chitin in their cell wall.
• The fungus-like protists include
• 1. Cellular slime molds
• 2. Acellular (Plasmodial) slime molds
• 3. Water molds

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1. Cellular Slime Molds

• Movement oozes along the ground like amoeba
  spread spores
• Eating Absorb food through
• Facts
• Spend their life as an independent individual
  that feeds, grows, and divides by cell division

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Cellular Slime Molds in Action

• http//www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S26/40/
  20I71/index.xml?sectionmm-featured

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Reproduction in Cellular Slime Molds
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2. Acellular (Plasmodial) Slime Molds

• Eating absorb food
• Movement oozes along ground like an amoeba can
  release spores
• Fact
• Cells can fuse to produce plasmodia (a mass of
  cytoplasm that contains many diploid nuclei but
  no cell walls or membranes).

THE MOVING, FEEDING FORM OF A PLASMODIAL SLIME
MOLD IS A MULTINUCLEATE BLOB OF CYTOPLASM THIS
IS THE FEEDING STAGE OF THE LIFE CYCLE
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Reproduction in Acellular Slime Molds
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Acellular Slime Mold
Fuligo septica (dogs vomit slime mold)
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3. Water Molds

• Eating absorbs nutrients
• Movement spores
• Facts Phythora infestans water mold that
  caused Irish Potato Famine

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Plant Like Protists

• Main Characteristic Chlorophyll
• Green Pigment- traps light, carries out
  photosynthesis
• Evolved from symbiosis of photosynthetic bacteria
  and larger, heterotrophic bacteria
• Commonly called Algae
• Many contain cell wall like plants
• Lack plant organs/parts
• Classification
• Unicellular unique characteristics 3 types
• Multicellular type of pigments (color) 3
  types

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Plant-Like Protists (Algae)
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Plant-Like Protists Unicellular Algae

• The 3 Types
• 1. Euglenoids
• 2. Dinoflagellates
• 3. Diatoms

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1. Euglenoids

• Movement Flagella
• Energy Can eat (using gullet) can
  photosynthesize (using chloroplast)
• Structures
• Flagella, Eyespot (detects light), chloroplast,
  pellicle (like a cell wall)
• Facts
• Considered the most animal like plant like
  protist
• Ex Euglena gracilalis

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2. Dinoflagellates

• Movement Flagella
• Energy Can be photosynthetic using chloroplasts
  or can eat
• Facts can produce toxins (red tide) are
  bioluminscent
• Ex Karenia brevis (causes red tide)

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3. Diatoms

• Movement Floats
• Structures silicon cell wall (glass like)
• Facts cell walls ground and used in toothpaste
  bioluminescent, produce lots of O2

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Bioluminescent Diatoms!
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Multicellular Plant-Like Protists Red, Brown,
and Green Algae

• The 3 phyla of algae that are largely
  multicellular are commonly known as
• 4. red algae
• 5. brown algae
• 6. green algae
• A major difference among these phyla are their
  photosynthetic pigments.

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4. Red algae

• Structures Chloroplasts, phycobilin pigments
• Facts
• Live at deep depths
• phycobilins absorb blue light (reflect red)
• Carageenan red algae compound in foods gel
• Ex Chondrus crispus (irish moss)

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Red Algae
Chondrus crispus (Irish moss)
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5. Brown Algae

• Structures chlorophyll a and c, as well as a
  brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin
  (foo-co-zan-thin)
• Facts
• live in cool, shallow, coastal marine waters
• Can grow LARGE
• Examples giant kelp

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Brown Algae
Giant kelp
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6. Green Algae

• Structures
• Chlorophyll a and c
• Cellulose cell wall
• Starch storage vacuoles
• Facts
• Can be uni or multi celled
• Ancestor of modern plants
• Some are single cells (ex Chlamydomonas)
• Some form colonies (ex Volvox)
• Some are multi-cellular (ex Ulva)

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Green Algae
Spirogyra Multicellular green algae
Chlamhydomonas unicellular green algae
Volvox colonial green algae
Ulva multicellular green algae
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Ecology of Plant-Like Protists

• Produce 90 of all oxygen on earth!
• Phytoplankton bottom of food chain
• Human foods
• Ice creams
• Chocolate
• Sushi
• Plastics
• Waxes
• Paints
• Agar
• Can release toxin choke environment algae
  bloom

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Summary

• In a well developed paragraph, answer the
  question Why are Protists weird?
• Use the following vocabulary correctly in your
  response
• eukaryotic, heterotrophic, autotrophic,
  parasitic, decomposers, unicellular, multicellular

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Pond Water Lab Review

• 1. Imagine you find an organism that eats food,
  has a gullet, micronucleus and macronucleus, and
  moves using cilia. Based on these
  characteristics
• a. is it animal-like, plant-like or fungi-like?
• b. circle which of the following it could be
  euglena, paramecium, amoeba, green algae

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Pond Water Lab Review

• 2. Imagine you find an organism that eats food
  and moves uses pseudopods. Based on these
  characteristics
• a. is it animal-like, plant-like or fungi-like?
• b. circle which of the following it could be
  euglena, paramecium, amoeba, green algae

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Pond Water Lab Review

• 3. Imagine you find an organism that can make its
  own food using chloroplasts as well as eat food
  using its gullet. It has an eyespot that senses
  light and a flagellum to move. Based on these
  characteristics
• a. is it animal-like, plant-like, or fungi-like?
• b. circle which of the following it could be
  euglena, paramecium, amoeba, green algae

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4. Pond Water Lab

• 4. Imagine you find an organism that makes its
  own food using chlorophyll within chloroplasts
  and is never heterotrophic. It has a cell wall
  made of cellulose and stores its food as starch.
  Based on these characteristics
• a. it is animal-like, plant-like, or fungi-like?
• b. circle which of the following it could be
  euglena, paramecium, amoeba, green algae

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CPKINGDOM FUNGI

• Ch 19
• NO, THEY ARE NOT PLANTS

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What is a fungus?(answer this question in your
own words)
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General Characteristics of Fungi

• Ubiquitous
• Decompose
• HETEROTROPHIC
• Some are parasitic, some are mutualistic
• Have plant animal characteristics

• Kind of PLANT-Like many are anchored in the
  ground cell walls (but NOT of cellulose)
• Kind of ANIMAL-Like Heterotrophic
• On the living and on dead
• Parasites
• Saprobes

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Fungi General Characteristics

• Mostly multicellular
• Yeast unicellular
• They have a nucleus
• Many have multiple nuclei
• Much of their lifecycle is haploid!
• They have a cell wall
• Made of chitin a protein/carb complex
• Digestion is EXTRACELLULAR!
• They secrete an enzyme that breaks down nutrients
  THEN they take them in
• NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS!

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FUNGI STRUCTURE

• Basic Unit hyphae (fuzzy)
• Hyphae can grow as individual cells or may fuse
  together
• there are different types of hyphae
• some for reproduction, some for growth, some for
  stability (sturdy)
• Hyphae that form a web and work together
  Mycelium

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More about their structure.

• The visible part of a fungus is only a very small
  part of the mycelium.

.most is underground or in the food source it is
on/in
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FUNGI REPRODUCTION

• Some reproduce asexually, some sexually most
  both
• Asexual reproduction
• Fragmentation/budding,
• Spores (clones)
• Spores can be thick walled resist water loss
• (ie, the fungus won't dry out)
• Sexual reproduction
• haploid /- hyphae fusion ? diploid gametangium
• meiosis ? haploid spores ? haploid organism

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Reproduction in Fungi
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Classification

• 4 Groups
• 1. Zygomycota
• 2. Ascomycota
• 3. Basidiomycota
• 4. Deuteromycota
• --All have different hyphae types reproductive
  structures
• -- Classified based on how they reproduce!

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1. Phylum Zygomycota

• Zygote fungi
• Reproduce sexually asexually
• Formed from 2 different gametangium that fuse
• Gametangium? zygospore
• Ex. Bread Mold, Athletes foot (Tinea pedis)

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Zygomycota Hyphae

• a) Rhizoid
• Anchor the fungus in its food source
• b) Stolon
• Run along the surface of the food source
• Give rise to 2 mating forms ( and -)
• Sexual reproduction growth
• c) Sporangia
• Also called fruiting bodies
• Swell at the tips of sporangiophores
• Contain the spores used for
• asexual reproduction

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Phylum Ascomycota

• Sac fungi
• Reproduce sexually asexually
• Spores (called ascospores) are made in a sac is
  called an ascus
• Important fermenters
• Convert sugar to CO2 alcohol
• Ex. Yeasts (with no hyphae), powdery mildews,
  food molds
• Yeast only unicellular fungus!
• Infectious candidiasis, ringworm

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Phylum Basidiomycota

• Club fungi
• Reproduce sexually asexually
• Forms a club shaped structure Basidia this is
  where spores are made Basidiospore
• Cap where reproduction takes place
• Ex. Mushrooms, puffballs, smuts

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Basidiomycota Reproduction
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What is this mushroom cloud?

• Spores!
• Releasing millions!
• Only 1-2/million spores may develop into mature
  fungus

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Fairy Rings My Dad
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Worlds Largest Organism
Just Kidding..
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Worlds Largest Organism

• Honey Mushroom (Armillaria ostoyae)
• Blue Mountains of Oregon
• Mycelium 1,665 football field area
• Mass is over 2,000 tons
• Why can we only see so
• little?!?!

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Phylum Deuteromycota

• Imperfect Fungi
• Reproduce asexually only
• Typical Molds
• Uses
• Cheeses
• Candy
• Antibiotics (penicillin)
• Illnesses

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Penicillin

• 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming observed that
  colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus
  could be destroyed by the mold Penicillium
  notatum

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Aspergillus

• Can cause severe lung infection
• Can form endospores
• 2-4,000 year old endospore of Aspergillus niger
  may have caused the death of initial archeology
  team members excavating tombs

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MUTUALISTIC FUNGI

• 2 types
• a) Lichens
• b) Mycorrhizae

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• a) Lichens
• SYMBIOSIS of a fungus (usually an ascomycetes)
  with an algae OR a cyanobacteria

The fungal partner benefits by getting sugars,
its only nutrients, from the algae which
photosynthesize. The algal partner gets
protection and nutrients broken down by the
fungal partner.
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• b) Mycorrhizae
• Fungus Plant
• Hyphae grow on
• roots of plant
• How does each benefit?

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Now for some corny biology jokes.

• What do mushroom spores do for fun?

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• Ive taken a real
• Lichen to you!

Hee hee hee hee!
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QUIZ TIMEAnswer Questions - True or Falseif
false CORRECT it!

• 1. Fungi are autotrophs (use photosynthesis).
• 2. Fungi spend much of their lives in a haploid
  state.
• 3. There are 3 Phyla of Fungi.
• 4. Fungi have cell walls made of cellulose.
• 5. Fungi are made up of special cells called
  hyphae.

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QUIZ TIME Answers!

• 1. Fungi are autotrophs (use photosynthesis). F
• 2. Fungi spend much of their lives in a haploid
  state. T
• 3. There are 3 Phyla of Fungi. F
• 4. Fungi have cell walls made of cellulose. F
• 5. Fungi are made up of special cells called
  hyphae. T