The Columbian Exchange

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The Columbian Exchange
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Columbian Exchange

• Columbus traveled back and forth from Europe to
  the Americas
• On these expeditions he brought goods to and from
  the countries
• Columbus began a vast global exchange that would
  effect the world
• Because this global exchange began with Columbus,
  we call it the Columbian Exchange

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The Columbian Exchange

• The movement of living things between old world
  and new world.

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Goods were exchanged

• People
• Plants
• Animals
• Technology
• Diseases
• What is the Old World and what is the New World?

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Western Hemisphere (New World)
Eastern Hemisphere (Old World)
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1. What is happening in this picture?
2. Where do your favorite foods listed here come
   from?
3. Predict some outcomes of the Columbian exchange
   and decide if they are positive or negative.

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From The Old World
Europe Wheat Onions Apples Chickens Carrots Goats Horses Sheep Cattle Pigs
Africa Radishes Watermelon Coffee
Asia Rice Sugarcane Mangoes
How would horses impact the New World?
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From The New World
North America Sunflowers Tobacco Corn (Mexico) Pumpkins Avocadoes Guinea Pigs
Central America Peppers Squash Beans Cocoa
South America Potatoes Tomatoes Peanuts Pineapple
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Impact on Population

• By the 1700s, corn, potatoes, beans and tomatoes
  were contributing to population growth
• People began migrating to the Americas as well
• Why would people want to move to the Americas?

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What was the Effect of the Columbian Exchange?

• a. Both hemispheres were introduced to new foods
  and animals that changed entire societies.
• b. Potatoes and corn became major food sources
  for Europeans allowing populations to increase
  greatly.
• c. The introduction of pigs, cows, and horses
  gave new food sources and new animals for the
  Native Americans to use.

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Effects of the Columbian Exchange

• d. The diseases the Europeans brought with them
  killed up to 90 of the Native Americans in the
  New World. European conquest of the Native
  Americans was made easy by the effect disease had
  on the Natives.
• e. Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to
  the use of African slaves
• Spain needed help for their American empires

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Continued..

• European diseases (like small pox) killed Native
  Americans
• Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the
  use of African slaves
• Spain needed help for their American empires
• Slavery was based on race (Superior vs Inferior)
• European plantation system in the Caribbean and
  the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and
  damaged the environment.

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Food for Thought

• Before the Columbian Exchange, there were
• no oranges in Florida
• no bananas in Ecuador
• no paprika in Hungary
• no tomatoes in Italy
• no pineapples in Hawaii
• no cattle in Texas
• no chile peppers in Thailand and India
• no cigarettes in France
• no chocolate in Switzerland

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Triangular Trade and the Atlantic Slave Trade
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Atlantic Slave Trade

• The Atlantic slave trade was started in the 1500s
  to fill the need for labor in Spains American
  empire.

• Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of
  enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on
  tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas.

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Atlantic Slave Trade

• The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a
  three-legged trade network know as the triangular
  trade.

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Atlantic Slave Trade

• Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to
  seize captives in the interior and bring them to
  coastal trade posts and fortresses.

• The slave trade intensified as the demand for
  slaves increased in the Americas and the demand
  for luxury goods increased in Africa.

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Destinations of Enslaved Africans
What country imported the most slaves? Which
imported the fewest?
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The Middle Passage

• Hundreds of men, women and children crammed on
  one vessel
• Floating Coffins
• Dying from disease or brutal mistreatment

• Few of the Africans who resisted lived to see the
  end of their journey

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Impact of the Slave Trade

• By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved
  Africans had reached the Americas. Another 2
  million probably died during the Middle Passage.

• The slave trade caused the decline of some
  African states. The loss of countless numbers of
  young women and men resulted in some small states
  disappearing forever.

• New African states arose whose way of life
  depended on the slave trade. The rulers of these
  new states waged war against other Africans in
  order to gain control of the slave trade in their
  region.

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Commercial Revolution

• Opening trade with Asia, Africa and America
  changed (revolutionized) Europes economy
• Inflation caused by
• growth in population increase in demand for
  goods and services
• because goods were scarce, sellers could raise
  their prices
• by mid-1500s silver and gold were everywhere and
  rulers were using it to make coins thus an
  increased amount of money in circulation
• combine this with scarcity of goods and prices
  will rise

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Growth of Capitalism

• Expanded trade and push for overseas empires
  spurred the growth of capitalism
• entrepreneurs and capitalists wanted more money
• they made up a new business class devoted to
  making profits
• this changed the local European economy into an
  international trading system

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Mercantilism

• Basic Ideas behind mercantilism
• Nations wealth based on its gold and silver
  treasure
• Must export more goods than imported
• Colonies existed for benefit of parent country
• Provide raw materials and resources
• Provide a market for selling manufactured goods
• Colonies could ONLY buy from parent country

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Summary of Commercial Revolution

• How did the Commercial Revolution change Europes
  economy?
• Prices rose (inflation)
• A new business class (entrepreneurs) was created
  .capitalism
• The goal of European economies changes from
  agrarian base to CASH based (mercantilism)

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Effects on Ordinary People

• Nobility/Upper Class
• Wealth came from land, not cash
• Could not raise money to pay higher costs for
  luxury goods
• Middle Class (Merchants)
• Investments led to increased wealth
• Grew powerful in cities
• Enjoyed comfortable living

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Effects on Ordinary People

• Peasants/Laborers/Lower Class
• Wages did not keep up with inflation
• Peasants reluctant to grow new crops
• City laborers forced to live in poverty