Chapter 18

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Chapter 18 Southern Africa
Section Notes
Video
Physical Geography History and Culture Southern
Africa Today
Impact of Apartheid
Maps
Southern Africa Political Southern Africa
Physical Southern Africa Vegetation Southern
Africa Madagascar Climate
Close-up
Cape Town
World Almanac
Images
Tourism in Southern Africa
Geography History Focus on Culture Music of
South Africa Biography Nelson Mandela Baobab
Trees
Quick Facts
Chapter 18 Visual Summary
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Physical Geography

• The Big Idea
• Southern Africas physical geography includes
  ahigh, mostly dry plateau, grassy plains and
  rivers, and valuable mineral resources.
• Main Ideas
• Southern Africas main physical feature is a
  large plateau with plains, rivers, and mountains.
• The climate and vegetation of Southern Africa is
  mostly savanna and desert.
• Southern Africa has valuable mineral resources.

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Main Idea 1Southern Africas main physical
feature is a large plateau with plains, rivers,
and mountains.
Plateaus andMountains

• Most of Southern Africa lies on a large plateau.
• An escarpment, the steep face at the edge of a
  plateau, runs along this plateau.
• In the east, part of the escarpment is made up of
  the Drakensberg Mountains.
• Other mountains can be found in the northeast and
  the southwest.

• Grassy plains run along the coast and cover the
  plateau.
• The plains are home to lions, leopards,
  elephants, baboons, and antelope.

Plains
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Rivers of Southern Africa
The Okavango River flows out of Angola to form a
swampy delta in Botswana that is home to many
animals.
The Orange River in South Africa flows over many
waterfalls before it reaches the Atlantic.
The Limpopo River flows to the Indian Ocean.
Waterfalls and other obstacles prevent ships from
sailing up the river.
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Main Idea 2The climate and vegetation of
Southern Africa is mostly savanna and desert.
Savanna and Desert

• Open grasslands cover much of the region. In
  South Africa, they are called the veld.
• The Namib Desert is the driest place in the
  region. It receives as little as one half inch of
  rain each year.
• The Kalahari Desert of Botswana features sandy
  plains and pans, or low, flat areas.

Tropical Forests

• Found in Madagascar, which is known for its lush
  vegetation
• Contains animals not found anywhere else in the
  world, such as lemurs

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Main Idea 3Southern Africa has valuable mineral
resources.

• Rich in natural resources
• Madagascar has timber.
• Rivers provide hydroelectricity.
• Farmers grow a variety of crops.
• South Africa produces most of the worlds gold.
• South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia produce
  diamonds.
• Other minerals include coal, platinum, copper,
  uranium, and iron ore.
• Mining is very important to the economy, but it
  can be very damaging to the environment.

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History and Culture

• The Big Idea
• Native African ethnic groups and European
  settlements influenced the history and culture of
  Southern Africa.
• Main Ideas
• Southern Africas history began with
  hunter-gatherers, followed by great empires and
  European settlements.
• The cultures of Southern Africa are rich in
  different languages, religions, customs, and art.

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Main Idea 1Southern Africas history began
withhunter-gatherers, followed by great empires
and European settlements.

• The Khoisan were among the earliest people in
  Southern Africa. They were hunter-gatherers and
  herders.

• The Shona, a Bantu group, built an empire in the
  1400s.
• The Shona farmed, raised cattle, and traded gold.
• They also built Great Zimbabwe, a stone-walled
  town that was their capital.

• Great Zimbabwe was the center of a great trading
  network.
• Trade made the citys rulers rich and powerful.
• The Shona traded with people as far away as China
  and the East Coast of Africa.

• In the 1400s the gold trade declined. By 1500
  Great Zimbabwe was no longer a major trading
  center.

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Europeans in Southern Africa

• Dutch
• The Portuguese were the first to explore Southern
  Africa.
• The Dutch were the first to actually settle in
  the area. They set up a trade station near the
  Cape of Good Hope.

• Afrikaners and Boers
• Afrikaners were descendants of Dutch, French, and
  German settlers in South Africa. They developed a
  language called Afrikaans.
• The Boers were Afrikaner farmers who were forced
  north by the British.

• British
• As the British forced the Boers to move, they
  came into conflict with a Bantu group called the
  Zulu.
• The British defeated the Zulu in a long series of
  battles.
• The slave trade ended in the 1830s.

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The Boer Trek 1836-38

• The Boers make trek to avoid wars with tribes and
  more fertile farmland.

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Shaka Zulu (1785-1828)
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Dutch Landing 1652
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British and Boer Tensions

• 1877 Britain takes over the Transvaal. (an area
  in South Africa)
• 1883 Boers fought British in the
  Transvaal and regained its
  independence.
• 1880s Gold discovered in the
  Transvaal-(land where Boers lived)

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British-Boer War 1899-1900
Boer
British
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Modern History

• Apartheid
• In the early 1900s South Africas government
  became increasingly racist. Nearly all officials
  were white.
• The government set up a policy of separation
  called apartheid.
• Apartheid placed restrictions on how people could
  live. For example, black South Africans were made
  to live in tiny clusters of homes called
  townships.

• Independence
• Beginning in the 1960s many former colonies
  gained independence.
• Some countries won their freedom peacefully.
  Others had to fight for it.
• Namibia remained under the control of South
  Africa until 1990.

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Main Idea 2The cultures of Southern Africa are
rich in different languages, religions, customs,
and art.

• Hundreds of ethnic groups
• Some ethnic groups, such as the Zulu and the
  Tswana, are very large.
• Other groups are small and not native to Africa.

People

• Most languages belong to either the Khoisan or
  Bantu language families.
• Khoisan languages are known for the click sounds
  they include.
• More than 200 Bantu languages are spoken today.
• English is also common.

Languages
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Southern African Culture

• Europeans introduced Christianity to the region,
  and many people today are Christian.
• Most non-Christians in the region practice
  traditional religions.

Religion

• South Africans celebrate many holidays
• Heritage Day celebrates the countrys diversity.
• Christian holidays such as Christmas
• The regions art reflects its many cultures.
• South African artists paint ethnic designs.
• Artists in Lesotho make tapestries.
• Artists in Zimbabwe make stone statues.
• Artists in Botswana make ostrich eggshell
  beadwork.

Celebrationsand Art
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Southern Africa Today

• The Big Idea
• Countries of Southern Africa today are trying to
  use their governments and resources to improve
  their economies and deal with challenges.
• Main Ideas
• South Africa ended apartheid and now has a stable
  government and strong economy.
• Some countries of Southern Africa have good
  resources and economies, but several are still
  struggling.
• Southern African governments are responding to
  issues and challenges such as drought, disease,
  and environmental destruction.

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Main Idea 1South Africa ended apartheid and now
has a stable government and strong economy.

• Other countries put sanctions, or economic and
  political penalties, on South Africa to convince
  the government to end apartheid.

• People within South Africa also protested against
  apartheid.

• In the 1980s the government began to move away
  from its apartheid system. It released political
  prisoners, including Nelson Mandela, who was
  elected president in 1994.

• Today all races have equal rights in South
  Africa. Everyone is free to attend any school or
  university. However, not everyone is equal
  economically yet. White South Africans are still
  generally wealthier than black South Africans.

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South Africa Today

• Republic with an elected president
• Many officials are working to guarantee both
  political and economic equality for all races in
  South Africa.

Government

• South Africa has more resources and industry than
  most African countries.
• Worlds largest producer of several valuable
  mineralsgold, platinum, and chromium
• Large cities also contribute to the economy
• Johannesburg has Africas largest industrial
  area.
• Cape Town attracts many tourists.

Economy
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Main Idea 2Some countries of Southern Africa
have good resources and economies, but several
are still struggling.
Lesotho and Swaziland

• Enclaves, small territories surrounded by foreign
  land
• Lesotho has few resources, so it is a poor
  country.
• Swaziland has mineral resources and cattle.

Namibia

• Gained independence from South Africa in 1990
• Now a republic with its capital at Windhoek
• Some of Africas richest mineral deposits are in
  Namibias deserts. Despite these resources, most
  people are poor.

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Other Countries of Southern Africa
Botswana

• Mineral resources (especially diamonds), stable
  government, cattle ranching, and tourism have led
  to economic success.
• One of the worlds fastest growing economies
• Unemployment remains high.

Zimbabwe

• Zimbabwe has resources, but inflation and war
  have severely hurt the economy.
• Whites make up less than 1 percent of the
  population, but own most of the land. The
  government is working to fix this problem by
  taking land from white farmers and giving it to
  black residents.

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Other Countries of Southern Africa
Mozambique

• One of the worlds poorest countries due to years
  of civil war
• Industries include shipping and agriculture

Madagascar

• Was ruled for more than 20 years by a socialist
  dictator
• Now has an elected president who wants to improve
  the economy
• Most of the countrys income comes from exporting
  coffee, vanilla, sugar, and cloves and from
  tourism.

Comoros

• Four tiny islands with few resources
• Struggling to improve education and promote
  tourism

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Main Idea 3Southern African governments are
responding to issues and challenges such as
drought, disease, and environmental destruction.

• One of the most serious challenges facing the
  region is poverty. Droughts often destroy food
  crops. In addition, many people are unemployed,
  so they have no way to escape poverty.

• Disease is also a problem. Many people in the
  region are infected with HIV. Governments are
  working to stop the spread of this disease.

• Many countries also face environmental
  challenges. For example, deforestation is a major
  problem in Madagascar.
• Countries are working to solve these problems.
  Namibia was the first country in the world to
  include environmental protection in its
  constitution.

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