The French Revolution and Napoleon

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The French Revolution and Napoleon

• 1789-1815
• Chapter 6 notes

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Chapter 6

• Section one One the Eve of Revolution
• Section two Creating a New France
• Section three Radical Days
• Section four The Age of Napoleon Begins
• Section fiveThe End of an Era

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Section 1 On the Eve of Revolution

• French society consisted of three social classes
• The Clergy (First Estate)
• The nobility (Second Estate)
• The rest of the population (Third Estate)

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In 1789 France faced

• social discontent
• severe financial crises
• serious food shortages

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Social Discontent

• Only the Third Estate paid taxes.
• All tariffs on import and export goods were paid
  for by the Third Estate.
• Voting and holding of elected offices were
  limited to the wealthy

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Wars

• France fought numerous wars
• Seven Years War
• American Revolution
• massive debts against the French treasury
• all soldiers conscripted from the Third Estate

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MARIE ANTOINETTE
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The Monarchy

• Frivolous and extravagant lifestyles
• Continued feudal privileges of the nobility
• Little thought for the financial difficulties of
  the nation
• Borrowed money at high interest rates

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LOUIS XVI
Powered wig
Ermine collar, lined robe
Silk ruffled shirt
Leather gauntlets
Solid Gold chain
Beaver hat
Gold scepter
Ostrich feather

• Silver embroidered robe

Silk pantaloons
Gold sword
Gold crown
Jewel encrusted
Jewel encrusted
Gold embroidery
Kid skin shoes
Silk stockings
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Food Shortages

• General economic decline began in 1770s.
• Bad harvests in 1780s (1788)
• Food prices soared
• Poorest peasants and urban workers went hungry
• Food riots broke out in cities
• Peasants burned manor houses of nobility

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Marie Antoinette portrait gallery by Elisabeth
Louise Vigée Le Brun
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Marie Antoinette
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The Estates General

• The king called the Estates General to carry out
  reforms
• Members of the Third Estate defied the king
• Saying that they represented the people, they
  proclaimed themselves the National Assembly
• They vowed not to disband until a constitution
  for France was drawn up

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Bastille Symbol of the Revolution

• The Bastille was an old fortress.
• It was used as a prison for criminals and
  political prisoners.
• On July 14, 1789, angry Parisians stormed the
  Bastille
• This event quickly became the symbol of the
  French Revolution

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BASTILLE
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Section 2 Creating a New France

• Spurred by popular uprisings and the storming of
  the Bastille, the National Assembly
• ended feudal privileges
• issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man
• reorganized the Church
• set up a limited monarchy in place of Frances
  centuries old absolute monarchy

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LIBERTY LEADING THE REVOLUTION
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The Revolution succeedes??

• Throughout Europe, rulers and nobles denounced
  the reforms of the French Revolution.
• By 1792 France was at war with most of Europe.

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• A Legislative Assembly sat from October 1791
  until September 1792, when, in the face of the
  advance of the allied armies of Austria, Holland,
  Prussia, and Sardinia, it was replaced by the
  National Convention, which proclaimed the
  Republic.

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LOUIS XVI
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• The King was brought to trial in December of
  1792, and executed on January 21, 1793. In
  January of 1793 the revolutionary government
  declared war on Britain, a war for world dominion
  which had been carried on, with short
  intermissions, since the beginning of the reign
  of William and Mary, and which would continue for
  another twenty-two years.

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The Phases of the Revolution

• Moderate phase of National Assembly
  1789-1791gtgtgtConstitutional Monarchy
• Escalating Violence 1792-1793gtgtgtReign of Terror
• Reaction against extremism 1795gtgtgtThe Directory
• Age of Napoleon 1799-1815

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Moderate phase of National Assembly

• Feudal privileges abolished hunting rights,
  manoral dues, special legal status, and tax
  exemption.
• In fact, nobles had already lost these privileges
• All citizens were now equal under the law.

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NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
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• http//www.chateauversailles.fr/en/111_The_Grand_A
  partment_And_Hall_of_Mirrors.php

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Declaration of the Rights of Man

• Liberty, Equality, Fraternity slogan of the
  Revolution
• All French men were equal
• Every Frenchman had an equal right
• See page 703

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Womens March

• Women marched on Versailles to get bread
• Demanded to see the king
• Brought Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and their son
  back from Versailles to Paris.
• Louis was under house arrest for the next 3
  years.

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Reforms of the National Assembly

• Political
• All Male citizens were now equal under the law
• Limited the power of monarchy
• Established Legislative Assembly
• All tax paying males could vote

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Reforms of the National Assembly

• Social
• Abolished special privileges of nobility
• Ended feudalism

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Reforms of the National Assembly

• Economic
• Levied taxes based on ability to pay
• Abolished guilds
• Outlawed labor unions
• Compensated nobles for lands seized and property
  destroyed by peasants

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Reforms of the National Assembly

• Religious
• Declared religious freedom in France
• Took over Church and sold off Church land
  holdings
• Placed French Catholic Church under government
  control
• Made church leadership an elected office, with
  government paid salaries

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Constitution of 1791

• Ended Church interference in government
• Equality for all male citizens
• State control in the hands of those with means
  and time to serve

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European Reaction

• Enlightened individuals applauded it
• Nobles and monarchs denounced it
• Neighboring states closed their borders
• Arrested many who supported the Revolution
• Prussia and Austria threatened to intervene
  Declaration of Pilnitz- a bluff

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War at Home and Abroad

• Legislative Assembly lasted - 1 year.
• Economic-currency problems, food shortages,
  hoarding.
• Social class divisions-numerous factionssans
  culottes demanded a republic

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ROBESPIERRE
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Section 3 Radical Days

• In 1792, Radicals took control of the National
  Assembly. In 1793, they executed the king and
  queen.
• During the Reign of Terror, Robespierre and his
  Committee of Public Safety sent some 40,000
  French citizens to their death on the guillotine.

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GUILLOTINE
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Reign of Terror

• The Committee of Public Safety and the
  Revolutionary Tribunal were instituted
  immediately after the execution of the King.

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ROBESPIERRE HOLDING DECAPITATED HEAD
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Reign of Terror

• The Reign of Terror, during which the ruling
  faction ruthlessly exterminated all potential
  enemies, of whatever sex, age, or condition,
  began in September of 1793 and lasted until the
  fall of Robespierre on July 27, 1794

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Reign of Terror cartoon
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Reign of Terror

• During the last six weeks of the Terror alone
  (the period known as the "Red Terror") nearly
  fourteen hundred people were guillotined in Paris
  alone.

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Reign of Terror
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• The Convention was replaced in October of 1795
  with the Directory,
• which was replaced in turn, in 1799, by the
  Consulate.
• Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor in May of
  1804.

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LA REPUBLIQUE
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Section 4 The Age of Napoleon Begins

• Napoleon used his military exploits in the
  Revolution to gain power and took the title of
  emperor in 1804.
• There is no place in a fanatic's head where
  reason can enter. N. Bonaparte

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Napoleon

• As emperor, Napoleon
• strengthened the central government
• modernized finance
• instituted the Napoleonic Code.

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Emperor Napoleon

• From 1804 until 1814, Napoleon subdued the
  combined forces of the Great European Powers.

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NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
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Napoleon built a vast empire by

• annexing lands
• making alliances
• placing members of his family on the thrones of
  Europe.

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Napoleon at Battle of Freidburg
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Section 5 The End of an Era

• Spurred by rising nationalism, people across
  Europe mounted rebellions against French rule.

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NAPOLEON
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End of an Emperor

• Following a failed invasion of Russia, and major
  defeats at Leipzig, and Waterloo, Napoleon was
  removed from power.
• In 1815, the Congress of Vienna sought to restore
  stability and order in Europe.

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The Emperor
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The Congress of Vienna

• redrew national boundaries
• restored hereditary monarchies
• created the Concert of Europe, an organization
  pledged to maintain the balance of power, and to
  suppress any uprisings inspired by ideas of the
  French Revolution.

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Concert of Europe

• an organization pledged to maintain the balance
  of power, and to suppress any uprisings inspired
  by ideas of the French Revolution.

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CONCLUSION

• The French Revolution was not only a crucial
  event considered in the context of Western
  history, but was also, perhaps the single most
  crucial influence on British intellectual,
  philosophical, and political life in the
  nineteenth century.

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• In its early stages it portrayed itself as a
  triumph of the forces of reason over those of
  superstition and privilege.
• As such, it was welcomed not only by English
  radicals like Thomas Paine and William Godwin and
  William Blake.

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Paine, Godwin and Blake

• saw it as a symbolic act which presaged the
  return of humanity to the state of perfection
  from which it had fallen away--

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• but by many liberals as well, and by some who saw
  it, with its declared emphasis on "Liberty,
  Equality, and Fraternity," as being analogous to
  the Glorious Revolution of 1688 as it descended
  into the madness of the Reign of Terror.

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• However, many who had initially greeted it with
  enthusiasm--Wordsworth and Coleridge, for
  example, who came to regard their early support
  as, in Coleridge's words, a "sqeaking baby
  trumpet of sedition"--had second thoughts.

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VERSAILLES
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• Versailles is one of the largest, most elaborate,
  royal palaces ever built. This huge and
  magnificent palace started as a hunting lodge
  that was built for King Louis XIII in 1624. The
  small lodge was the beginning of an extremely
  huge palace that would cost the French government
  more then they could imagine.

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• Louis XIV (The Sun King) built Versailles to be
  his home. To Louis, a magnificent palace was a
  must for royal life. All of the kings and nobles
  had to have wonderfully decorated palaces
  (houses), with beautiful paintings, ballrooms,
  and expensive furniture.

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• made plans to build a palace that would,
  including gardens, cover a total of 37,000 acres.
  Over the period of time that they built the
  palace, 400 new sculptures were added along with
  1,400 fountains. When this was completed, the
  king, decided it was not enough. Jules
  Hardouin-Mansart was hired to redesign parts of
  the palace and add on to it in 1676.

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• added a whole second story to the palace and
  designed and built the beautiful Hall of Mirrors.
  The Hall of Mirrors contained 17 windows with
  beautiful views matched to 17 arched mirrors. The
  hall was decorated with statues, busts of Roman
  Emperors, and guided candelabra. The ceiling was
  covered with paintings of Louis XIV's triumphs.

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• Not only was the hall known for its beauty, but
  in the future it would be used as a meeting hall
  for such important events as the signing of the
  Treaty of Paris that ended the American
  Revolution and the Treaty of Versailles that
  ended World War I. Mansart also added the south
  and the north wings of the palace.

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• Louis XV took over Versailles in 1722. In 1742,
  he hired an architect named Anges-Jacques
  Gabriel. He built more and more for the next
  century. A total of 36,000 workers worked on it
  until it was finished.Finally, when the
  construction was done, over 10,000 people lived
  in the palace, which included nobles and
  servants.

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• In 1774, Louis XV died leaving a huge debt to his
  grandson Louis XVI. Even though he was incredibly
  in debt, Louis XVI had all the gardens redone
  right away. Perhaps this is why the French
  Government went bankrupt in 1788, and they had to
  give up the palace. This whole thing eventually
  started the French Revolution.In 1792,
  Versailles was abandoned. All of the furniture
  was sold and all the art was brought to museums.
  The palace was left empty. The French government
  decided to open up the palace as a museum, during
  the 1830's.

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• In 1962, all of the belongings of the palace that
  could be located were brought back and the palace
  has almost been completely restored back to its
  original self. Also the gardens and statues have
  been restored, and more then 80 of the rooms have
  been remodeled and decorated. They are now open
  to the public.

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• http//www.virtourist.com/europe/versailles/versai
  lles.htm

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The end

• Read p 703.