Social Studies 9

1
Social Studies 9

• Chapter 1 Introduction and Review from last year

2
Overview Change comes to Europe

• By 1500, Europe was radically changing from the
  old feudal system.
• Lords on the manors
• Serfs in the fields serving Lords
• Clergy in the church serving All
• This was especially seen in areas of Politics,
  Society, and Economy.
• There were new ideas about Religion and the
  (Catholic) Church.
• A Middle Class emerged.
• Global politics and Colonialism changed the world.

3
Overview Change comes to Europe

• France was very different.
• Was still a Feudal Society
• Upper Classes and the Church were rich and happy.
• Common people were literally starving.
• New ideas about politics reached France as well.
  People had had enough.
• A bloody revolution began in 1789

4
The beginning of an Era

• Because of changes in its way of life (political,
  social, etc), Europe entered the Early Modern
  Age around 1500.
• Concept of ages or eras was new, and came
  from Renaissance historians.
• Middle Ages (500-1450 AD) and Early Modern Age
  are very distinct.
• Middle ages werent that great.

5
WHY? 1. Kings gain power

• Luthers 95 Theses in Wittenberg in 1517 was a
  protest. He had no idea how far and fast his
  ideas would spread.
• The Reformation would begin
• Previously everyone was Roman Catholic.
• Suddenly there are PROTESTants everywhere.
• Rejected Pope, Indulgences, etc.
• Political differences now worse because religious
  differences added.

6
WHY? 1. Kings gain power

• Authority of the Pope under attack.
• Kings seize the opportunity for power.
• Nobles very powerful before and could unite
  against a king.
• Now nobles divided too. King needed for strong
  central power and order.
• Pope gt Kings begins to change.
• Kings saw themselves as not only political
  leaders, but also as religious leaders. They
  wanted to control both

7
WHY? 1. Kings gain power

• How they seized power
• 1. Claimed religious control. King sets religion
  of his territory.
• 2. Replaced nobles in areas of govt. with others.
• Promoted the rising middle class. Theyd be
  loyal. No royal blood.
• Centralized their administration
• 3. Paid for professional armies and not troops
  from nobles.
• 4. Taxed subjects to pay for armies directly (not
  Feudal way).
• 5. Promoted idea of Nations.

8
WHY? 2. Economic Prosperity

• THINGS GOT BETTER
• By 1500 the economy was great
• Population boom. Improved agriculture more
  food.
• Serf farmers became landowners or Tenant
  farmers.
• Serf attached to lords land and gives
  services. (food, soldiering)
• Tennant pays rent for use of land to a
  landlord. Own boss.

9
WHY? 2. Economic Prosperity

• Farming techniques improved
• No more strip farming. Large areas instead
• Specialized in 1 crop. Traded.
• Improved soil, drainage, etc.
• New crops potatoes, maize (corn).
• People moves to cities for new jobs.
• Cities grew quickly. Rural into Urban
  landscape

10
WHY? 2. Economic Prosperity

• Increase in trade interest in other nations
  goods.
• Exploration of world. Global trade
• Made permanent settlements in other parts of the
  world.
• Spanish were first
• Soon after came British, French, Dutch.
• Began to expand into Empires.
• Middle Class great opportunity for wealth with
  hard work.
• Nobles no work.

11
WHY? 3. New view of Humanity

• Renaissance more interest in this life, less in
  life to come.
• Believed humans could do anything they set their
  minds to.
• Where have we heard that before?
• Gave rise to Humanism.
• Line of thought where human interests are most
  important.
• Questioned meaning of life
• New field of Philosophy

12
WHY? 3. New view of Humanity

• New ideas spread rapidly. How?
• Printing Press invented.
• More schools (wealthy only)
• Libraries
• Printing of illustrations
• By 1500 6 million books printed
• The Theatre (Globe / Shakespeare)
• Many new ideas expressed through art.
• Could criticize king indirectly.

13
Social Studies 9

• Chapter 2 Rule and Revolution in Britain

14
Our connection to British History

• The key document for Democracy was the Magna
  Carta signed in 1215. It
• 1. Recognized individual freedoms
• 2. Required the king to consult an elected
  parliament
• 3. Required the king to rule lawfully and justly.

15
English Society in 1600s

• At the same time, English society was becoming
  split into set groups
• 1. Upper class
• King, Advisors, Nobles, High Church Officials
• 2. Middle class
• Merchants, Manufacturers, Landowners, Military
  Officers, Business Professionals
• 3. Lower class
• Ordinary workers, Soldiers, Farmers, etc.
• The Middle class was NEW. Upper class
  not happy.

16
English Society in 1600s

• Class diagram

Upper Class
Upper Class
Middle Class
Lower Class
Lower Class
17
The Role of Religion

• By 1600, most of England was Protestant. The king
  had split with the Roman Catholic church (Henry
  VIII) and established the Church of England
• King head of the church
• Anglican denomination
• Elaborate services and ceremonies (not all that
  different from Catholic styles)
• Still had Bishops (our elders)
• Some Catholics remained.

18
The Role of Religion

• The Puritans were a dissenting group in England
• They were Calvinists
• Wanted services and buildings to be basic and
  plain
• Didnt like religious artwork (too catholic)
• Wore dark clothes
• No drinking, gambling, or the theatre
• Basically... not very fun to be around.Believed
  human nature was very evil, and man needed strict
  laws to keep him under control.

19
The Early Stuart Kings

• Elizabeth died with no heir. Never married.
• James VI of Scotland became James I of England.
• Strong ties to France and Roman Catholic Church
• Not used to democratic traditions
• Liked idea of Absolute Monarch.

20
The Early Stuart Kings

• Introduced The Divine Right of Kings to
  England. Not popular.
• Kings have absolute power. Answer only to God
• Magna Carta already in 1215.
• One key element in document was point that king
  cannot bring new taxes without the approval of
  parliament.
• Also trial by jury for accused.

21
Divine Right of Kings

• Kings are justly called Gods, for they exercise
  a power similar to Gods power upon earth... God
  has the power to create or destroy, to make and
  unmake, at his Pleasure to give life or send to
  death, to judge all and not be judged or
  accountable to anyone... Kings have the same
  power. They make and unmake their subjects they
  have power of raising and casting down, or life
  and death... Judge over all their subjects, yet
  accountable to none but God. They have the power
  to make their subjects like men of chess...
  Therefore kings have absolute power. - James I
  to Parliament

22
Charles I

• Duke of Buckingham was his fathers favourite
  advisor.
• Total fool. Utterly despised. But.. Charles kept
  him on staff
• Led king into one disaster after another.

• Like his father, believed in Divine Right of
  Kings.
• Wouldnt compromise with parliament.
• Dignified and charming (unlike daddy), but very
  aloof and unapproachable.
• Spent a lot of money. Liked bling.
• Always out of money as a result.

23
Trouble with Parliament

• King needed money. Asks parliament for more
  taxes.
• P. will give it, if king gives them more power.
• Sometimes king refuses
• Other times he agrees and backs out later.
• Charles I looks for ways to get money without
  parliament. But how?

24
Trouble with Parliament

• Brings back ancient fee called Ship Money which
  was used in the past for the kings navy.
• Charles spends money on himself, not on ships.
• Forces nobles to make loans to the crown.
• Mortgages royal properties for cash

• Collects customs fees on the tons or pounds of
  goods leaving the country.
• Tunnage and Poundage
• Billetted soldiers in peoples homes.
• Increased fees for govt. titles
• Sold noble titles to anyone who would give him
  money... Or forced landowners to pay for a
  knighthood.

25
Trouble with Parliament

• Set up a secret police and secret court called
  Court of Star Chamber.
• Could arrest, imprison, fine anyone he didnt
  like.
• No rights for accused.
• Even with all this, he didnt have enough money.
• Like the 12-year-old with a copy of his dads
  credit card.

• King calls together parliament in 1628.
• Parliament no money until you stop... And sign
  a charter called The Petition of Right.
• Innocent until proven guilty
• No imprisonment without charge
• No punishment without jury
• King dissolves parliament and vows to rule
  country without it.

26
The Long Parliament

• By 1637, Charles was in real trouble.
• English people mad on political and religious
  grounds.
• Charles is still king of Scotland too... Since
  his dad was.
• In 1637 he tries to set up a Church of England
  style of worship in Scotland. Bad idea.

27
The Long Parliament

• Scots are Presbyterians. Rise up in full revolt.
• King needs to send soldiers to put down revolt...
  But you need to pay your soldiers now
  (professional army)
• King calls together parliament in 1640. Called
  Short Parliament.
• Parliament not a fan of the king... Sides with
  the Scots and gives no money.
• King disbands parliament and locks the doors.

28
The Long Parliament

• Still no money...
• Kings calls a whole new Parliament (new people)
• Called Long Parliament (sits for 13 years)
  some pee breaks.
• New Parliament even less happy with Charles.
• Demands that Laud and Strafford be handed over.
• King agrees. Parliament executes both.

• Parliament goes further...
• Wanted to pass Grand Remonstrance would change
  role of king in govt. and remove many of his
  powers.
• However, debate over how far to go.
• Charles thinks if he arrests the ringleaders,
  hell get control again.

29
The Long Parliament

• Leading 500 soldiers, in person, Charles invades
  House of Commons (illegal) and tries to arrest
  leaders.
• Leaders tipped off, and already gone.
• Parliament calls for an army to fight the King.
• Open rebellion.
• King and wife flee to Nottingham (more support
  there).
• Queen takes Crown Jewels to pawn in Europe to pay
  for army.

30
The Civil War

• King needs a fast victory, but cant get it.
  Small ones only.
• Parliament makes deal with the rebelling Scots,
  and they attack King from the north
• Leader of this is Oliver Cromwell. A Puritan.
• Troops very disciplined, well trained, very
  religious.

• Began in 1642 and lasted 7 years.
• King had nobles and professional soldiers. Good
  at warfare
• Parliament had farmers and townspeople with no
  military experience
• However, parliament controlled navy and richest
  parts of the country.

31
The Trial of the King

• Charles loses war. Is captured. Put on trial for
  treason
• Definition is an act of trying to overthrow a
  king. Huh?
• Magna Carta promises a jury of ones peers. Who
  is peer to the king?
• Charged with murder, causing rebellion, unlawful
  actions, and generally being a jerk.
• Sentenced to death.
• King woke on day of execution
• Dressed well. Ate.
• Made short speech.
• Died with considerable dignity.
• Forgiveness speech.
• Miracles?

32
The Triumph of Parliament

• Killing the king doesnt make England a Republic
  (like France)
• Charles son would automatically become king...
• ... Until parliament voted to abolish the
  monarchy and the House of Lords. Which they did.
  (Rump Parliament did it)
• But that wasnt without protest
• Many liked idea of a monarch, just not that last
  one they had.

33
The Lord Protector

• Cromwell lost patience with parliament. Army
  wanted more influence... and to be paid for
  services.
• Cromwell invaded parliament, drove out members,
  locked door, kept the key.
• Remind you of anyone?
• Soon Cromwell was named Lord Protector of
  England
• Divided country into districts with overseers for
  law, taxes.

34
The Lord Protector

• Ruled as a dictator
• Blue Laws were very Puritan and Calvinist.
• Shut down theatres
• Cancelled Christmas
• No dancing or drinking
• No sports
• Died in 1658, unhappy with himself. Wanted to end
  dictatorship of king, but became a worse dictator
  himself.

35
The Glorious Revolution

• Charles II dies in 1685
• Son James II is openly Catholic
• Became king
• Gave high offices to Catholics
• Planned to make England Catholic officially
• Believed in Divine Right of Kings.
• Rebellions broke out
• James IIs reign of terror begins.
• Executed many suspected rebels. People not
  ready for another lousy king.

36
The Glorious Revolution

• Parliament not happy.
• In 1688 they contacted James daughter Mary
  (protestant) and her husband, William of Orange,
  to become rulers of England.
• Happy to agree to that.
• James supporters fled England
• James himself flees too. Abdicates
• No bloodshed. Called Glorious Revolution

37
The Glorious Revolution

• New rulers agree to a Bill of Rights for
  citizens.
• First time monarch chosen by parliament and not
  by hereditary right.
• Divine Right was over.
• Canadian constitution drawn heavily from 1689
  Bill of Rights
• Social reform still to come.
• Poor still not well off or represented.

38
James I

• Occasionally intelligent
• Wisest fool in Christendom
• Heavy Scottish accent
• Slovenly, unkempt habits
• Tongue too large for his mouth.
• Acted like a tyrant
• Incompetent people as advisors (friends)
• Gave friends special titles

• Some good stuff...
• One of the very first non-smoking advocates.
  Published a pamphlet for his subjects.
• And his most famous contribution... The King
  James Bible

39
Witches

• With a sometimes Puritan sensitivity to evil
  1600s people often looked for witches.
• Suspicion fell on anyone who didnt fit into
  society.
• Widows
• Users of natural medicine
• Sellers of love potions

• Women most often suspect... Original sin.
• Eve tempted Adam
• Story of a second
• In England, Scotland, and America, a witch-hunt
  hysteria took over.
• Movie The Crucible

40
Witches

• Over 200,000 people were executed in Eng.
  Europe
• Most innocent of any crime. Blamed for almost
  anything.
• It was considered ok to torture people to bring
  out a confession of witchcraft.
• Would confess to anything... name anyone.
• Professional witch hunters made good money.
• People got rid of rivals

41
Social Studies 9

• Chapter 03 Revolution in France

42
New Ideas

• During this time, many new ideas about society
  were being published and discussed.
• These ideas were the catalyst for the revolution
• (Something that makes other things change)
• Philosophes met regularly. Rejected idea of
  absolute monarchy. Democracy instead.
• Believed in science and logic to explain the
  world.

43
New Ideas

• France Catholic for centuries, but many thinkers
  were against any religion.
• Too old fashioned and superstitious in an age of
  Enlightenment
• Anything that could not stand up to logic and
  reason was discarded
• British thinkers influenced them strongly
• Isaac Newton Gravity
• John Locke Empiricism(Knowledge of world only
  through personal experience)

44
New Ideas

• All this contrary to religion and the Church.
• Faced repression of ideas
• Church and monarchy needed to change... Or needed
  to go.
• Big pushers in thought in France were Rousseau,
  Voltaire, and Montesquieu
• Voltaire
• Against church and repression of thought
• Absolute monarch can be good. Supported the idea
  of one.... but
• Hated injustice
• Defended victims of superstition and prejudice

45
New Ideas

• Rousseau
• Society needs a Social Contract in which
  everyone abides by certain rules
• Believed in Natural Law
• People naturally good and know whats right.
• Civilization bad. Destroys the goodness in
  human beings
• Feelings more important than thinking
• Voltaire strongly disagreed with him.
• Most thinkers were wealthy and had time to
  discuss. Books and newspapers censored by Church.
  Some imprisoned or left France.

46
Upper Classes / Royalty

• England had democratic traditions. Not so in
  France.
• A bloody revolution needed to overthrow the
  monarch and bring rights for ordinary citizens.
• Revolution not unexpected
• French rulers lost touch with people.
• Country heavily in debt
• Taxes very high
• Poor without hope
• Rich lived lavishly

47
The Peasants

• French farmers owned small pieces of land and
  used primitive farming methods.
• Land produced less per hectare than other
  European nations
• Peasants worked very hard
• Most were illiterate
• Part of time spent working on lords land and
  fields
• Could not hunt or shoot wild animals that
  destroyed crops or killed cattle.
• Lord liked to hunt those.
• Could chase animals through fields in hunt

48
The Bourgeoisie / Business and Trade

• Middle class. Invested in new business.
• Laws and regulations limited their potential
• Monopolies held in certain industries. Only one
  business gets to sell in a certain area.
• Some guilds received special status from the king
  and could control how much was made and by whom
• Many districts in country, with tariffs and tolls
  as goods moved around. Costly.
• Lack of good roads for travel

49
Louis XIV The Sun King

• Louis XIV ruled France 72 years.
• Set new levels of decadence and control.
• Absolute monarch
• Etat cest moi I am the nation.
• Massive palace in village of Versailles,
  southwest of Paris.

• Forced many nobles to live there with him.
• Became the center of their lives. Everything they
  did needed his approval.
• Invited to dozens of ceremonies through the day
• Royal getting up
• Royal breakfast, lunch, dinner
• Royal going to bed
• Etc.
• Needed to take ballet to learn to be graceful and
  elegant around the king.
• Could not use the word death around him.
  Immortal?

50
Louis XIV The Sun King

• Nobles not part of government. Not consulted,
  made no laws.
• Louis and a few close advisors did it all. Kings
  word is law.
• Nobles did menial tasks, such as hold mirror for
  king, towel him off after a bath, help him shave.
• Closer in intimacy the job was, the better the
  favour.
• Closest job chamber pot.

51
Louis XV and Louis XVI

• Louis XV king. Great-grandson of Louis XIV.
• Became king at age 5. 1715
• Continued economic decline
• Louis XVI king in 1774
• Not interested in governing and left many
  decisions to others.
• Little done to improve conditions of lower and
  middle classes.
• No understanding of problems in the country

• Taxes overwhelming
• To ship goods across France from Paris to
  Mediterranean sea 30 separate taxes.
• Middle class well informed... And restless.
• Why was the king doing nothing to fix problems in
  the country?

52
Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

• Louis married Marie in 1770.
• Member of the Austrian royal family
• Austria was a French enemy. Marriage to bring
  peace, but she was hated from the start.
• Offended many aristocrats with her attitude
  towards traditional French manners
• Idealized view of peasant life.
• Built own farm to play with
• Very extravagant.
• Spent huge on jewels

• Spent fortune on self while people starved to
  death
• Very strong willed, with firm opinions on
  government, but no learning or experience to back
  them.
• Helped select govt. Ministers with no
  understanding of what they did.
• Fired people doing a great job because she didnt
  like them.
• Controller general fired for suggesting the super
  wealthy pay a tax as well.

53
A Revolution begins

• Middle class demanded a form of Democracy.
• Some French helped United States in their
  revolution against Britain. Liked their ideals.
  Read American Declaration of Independence
• France seemed so backward to America..and even
  England.

• Money spent by crown came from exploiting poor,
  not from new business revenue.
• France basically bankrupt during Louis XVIs
  reign.
• People openly discussed failures of government
• Some riots in streets
• Royal court split in two
• Some with Louis and economic change. Was he
  waking up?
• Some with Marie Antoinette and more power for
  nobles.

54
A Revolution begins

• Other Problems making this worse
• Series of famines and disasters in 1780s.
• Families broke up. Starving.
• 40,000 children abandoned each year.
• British Industrial Revolution putting French out
  of work
• Textiles by machine instead of many workers.
• Unemployment rates climbed
• Mobs becoming violent and unpredictable.
• Louis responded by prison and executions
• Soldiers fired on crowds

55
A Revolution begins

• Desperate for money and ideas, Louis calls
  together representatives of the people into the
  Estates General.
• Only could meet when called by the King.
• Three levels
• 1. Clergy the first level
• 2. Aristocrats the second level
• 3. Middle Class the third level
• Each group voted as a unit, called a Bloc. This
  meant higher 2 classes had 21 vote against
  lower Middle Class

56
A Revolution begins

• Ordinary people realized something big was
  happening and came to Versailles.
• After six weeks of little progress, the third
  estate broke off and stated they would form a new
  government called the National Assembly.
• Their goal was a new constitution for France.

• Louis capable controller of finances had been
  fired by Marie. (A.R. Turgot)
• Came with new controller and the hope of raising
  money, stopping riots.
• Louis knew Estate would want more say in govt,
  and planned to give tiny responsibilities in tax
  system.
• Members of the Estates General would not bow to
  kings wishes
• Yet, some optimism that change could come.

57
Revolutionary Spirit Grows

• King tried to lock them out of their meeting hall
• Delegates met at royal tennis courts and took the
  Tennis Court Oath, that stated they would not
  disband until France had a new form of
  government.

• Louis offered some reforms, but offer was
  rejected.
• Louis forced to compel the other two estates to
  join the National Assembly.
• Joyful crowds filled the streets, convinced the
  revolution was over, and had been a success.

58
The Fall of the Bastille

• Calm didnt last long. More riots in Paris and
  elsewhere over high cost of bread.
• Mobs attacked prisons to free political
  prisoners.
• Revolution getting a life of its own. Leaders
  lost control of it.
• King sends foreign mercenary troops to Paris and
  Versailles.
• People assume the worst and arm themselves.

• On July 14, 1789, a mob attacked the French
  fortress and prison known as The Bastille.
• Troops sent out to stop the mob joined it
  instead.
• Only seven prisoners in there, but all were
  released.
• Governors head was cut off and paraded through
  the streets.

59
The Fall of the Bastille

• Louis agreed to send the mercenaries away
• Revolutionaries formed a new army National
  Guard
• Commanded by Marquis de Lafayette, a French hero
  from the American Revolution.
• This man knew revolution and battle well... and
  had seen victory.

60
Paris and the King

• On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly met in
  Versailles.
• Abolished all Feudal rights and privileges
• Declared all people equal under the law.
• Problems still with the food crisis. National
  Assembly had no immediate answers. Still needed
  the king.
• Crowds of women met in Paris and made the 50 km
  march to Versailles
• National Guard followed behind.

• Women attacked the National Assembly.
  (werent they on their side?)
• Women stormed the palace and demanded to see the
  king.
• Reluctantly the king and queen agreed to come to
  Paris.

61
Declaration of Rights

• Assembly worked fast to release a new
  Constitution.
• Old system swept away
• Titles for nobles declared obsolete
• Everyone given title of Citizen
• Government seized control of church and its
  property
• Certificates of money, called assignats were
  issued, to be redeemed when Church lands were
  sold.

• Later in August, National Assembly passes The
  Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
  Citizen
• Much like the American Declaration of
  Independence.
• Set out basic human rights the government could
  not overlook
• Guaranteed freedom of thought, speech, religion,
  security, and property.
• Put limits on the power of the government.

62
Political Clubs and Factions

• A final stage of the revolution began... And it
  was brutal.
• Split began between moderates and radicals.
• Anyone not radical fell under suspicion of being
  loyal to monarchy.
• Groups split into political clubs. No parties
  formed yet.
• Clubs met regularly and wrote pamphlets outlining
  their views.

• Two most important clubs were the Girondists and
  the Jacobins.
• Both started out as moderates and middle class.
• Girondists wanted sweeping changes, but seen as
  too conservative by some revolutionaries.
• Jacobins became more and more radical, and took
  power.
• Many Girondists sent to their deaths at the
  guillotine.

63
Political Clubs and Factions

• The sans-culottes were a group of lower-middle
  class people from Paris and larger cities. The
  working men and women.
• Resented the bourgeoisie and were against reforms
  that would help the business class.
• Wanted lower prices and bread for the poor.
  Needed immediate results for food crisis.
• Became very violent. Formed mobs and attacked
  anyone suspected of being against the revolution.

• Supported radicals who wanted to execute the
  king.
• Killed many well-meaning people and supporters.
• The country became involved in a war with Austria
  and Prussia, and the prisons were full of
  political prisoners (Girondists, Monarchists,
  etc.)
• Fear that Austrian victory would free these
  enemies of the state.
• They attacked the prisons, and killed 1600 men,
  women, priests, nuns, and others. Raped the women
  first. Very brutal deaths.

64
Political Clubs and Factions

• Jean-Paul Marat, Jacques Danton, and Maximilien
  Robespierre were the radical leaders of the
  revolution.
• Wanted kings execution. King must die so
  the revolution can live.
• Marat, most radical of the three, was
  assassinated by Charlotte Corday, a Girondist in
  1793.
• Danton and Robespierre would take control of the
  National Assembly and the revolution.
• Marat treated like a holy saint.

65
The end of the Monarchy

• Marie Antoinette went to her death in October of
  the same year.
• Trial and executions happened because Girondists
  had lost to more radical groups.
• All enemies of the revolution and all
  Girondists were arrested and imprisoned.
• Law of Suspects provided for the arrest and
  execution of anyone from a noble family or who
  had held political office before the revolution.

• A newly elected body, the National Convention
  decided that the king should be tried for his
  crimes and executed.
• His royal palace at Versailles had already been
  looted and burned by Paris mobs.
• Louis was now just called, Citizen Louis Capet
• He was tried and found guilty.
• Louis XIV went to the guillotine on January 21,
  1793.

66
The Reign of Terror (1793 1794)

• It is estimated that 37,000 were guillotined
  during the Reign of Terror.
• Approximately 50 per day
• 4 people every daylight hour

• There was a complete reorganization of the armed
  forces.
• People who tried to make money during the food
  shortages were executed.
• All bakeries and granaries came under government
  control.
• Robespierre took total control, even sending
  Danton to his death in 1794.
• Many sans-culottes also executed.
• Anyone who challenged Robespierre in any way.

67
The fall of Robespierre

• When Robespierre tried to execute even more
  people, he found himself arrested instead.
• He, and many close friends, were rushed to the
  guillotine and killed. Died July 28, 1794
• Reign of Terror was over.
• Robespierre, who once opposed the death penalty,
  had murdered thousands.

• Robespierre made sweeping changes to France, some
  good
• Metric system introduced
• New calendar
• Modernized industry
• Made army more efficient
• New schools and universities
• Confiscated property of émigrés
• But his time was coming to
  an end

68
Social Studies 9

• Unit 4 Napoleons Rise and Fall

69
Napoleons early career

• Born on island of Corsica
• Part of Italy ruled by France
• Minor nobility family
• Father goes to Paris to be part of new govt. at
  Versailles
• Napoleon goes along with him
• Enrols in Military academy (not his idea). Loves
  it.
• Father dies in 1785. Napoleon, at age 16, becomes
  head of the family.

70
Napoleons early career

• After graduation, he read a lot to educate
  himself. Worked better.
• Phenomenal memory. Later would know smallest
  details about his army and troops. Very good
  skill to have.
• Follower of Rousseau and many ideas of Revolution
• Hated idea of mob violence though. Order needed.
• Recaptured city of Toulon from anti-revolutionary
  forces in 1793.

• Felt lonely for home. Often very poor.
• Mother, Laetitia Bonaparte, insisted family ties
  remain strong and members support each other.
  Very strong personality.
• Became an artillery officer.
• These men received top-tier training and
  education
• Napoleon an average student

71
Napoleons early career

• Success attracted attention.
• Became one of the youngest Generals in the army.
• In 1795, a mob of French were storming towards
  the Convention center. Napoleon loads cannons
  with grapeshot and shoots into crowd at close
  range.
• Hundreds killed or maimed at once.
• Whiff of grapeshot
• Given command of French army in Italy.

72
Italian and Egyptian Campaigns

• Austria goes to war with France during the
  revolution. Italians hoping for French victory.
• Napoleon knows he needs Italian Support.
• Makes famous 1797 address to Italy.
• Full of promises....

73
Italian and Egyptian Campaigns

• Peoples of Italy! The French army comes to break
  your chains. The French nation is friend of all
  nations receive us with trust! Your property,
  your religion, your customs will be respected. We
  shall wage war like generous enemies, for our
  only quarrel is with the tyrants who have
  enslaved you.

74
Italian and Egyptian Campaigns

• In 1796, Napoleon wins brilliant victories in
  Italy and drove out Austrians.
• Set up French-controlled Republics.
• Promises to people quickly forgotten by French.
• Soldiers stole paintings, jewellery, valuables
  from tombs.
• Napoleon paid army from Italys spoils. Became
  very rich himself.

75
Italian and Egyptian Campaigns

• British get involved and not so easily beaten.
• British navy destroys Napoleons at Battle of the
  Nile.
• British admiral Horatio Nelson.
• Napoleon finds himself and troops in dangerous
  position.
• Abandons troops in Egypt and goes back to France.
• Heros welcome. Hugely popular.

• Asks French govt. for permission to go into Egypt
  in 1798.
• Says it will cut off Britain from her rich colony
  in India.
• French govt. is growing nervous about Napoleons
  power and popularity. Glad to have him out of
  France... and give go-ahead.
• Mighty Egyptian army is quickly crushed.
• Brilliant tactics and speed by Napoleon.

76
Becoming First Consul

• French govt. after Revolution was inefficient and
  corrupt.
• Those who seized power are eager to benefit from
  new position
• ...much like the govt. they overthrew.
• Napoleon overthrows it in 1799.
• Has the support of the army.
• Sets up himself as First Consul.
• Starts to bring about reforms to French society.

77
Making France strong

• First task to bring legal reforms of Revolution
  into harmony with code of law.
• French law needlessly outdated and complicated.
• Ordered officials to completely rewrite the laws
  into a new Civil Code for the nation
• Became known as The Napoleonic Code
• One of his greatest and most lasting
  accomplishments.
• Much current law based on it, including Canadas.

78
Making France strong

• Guaranteed
• Right of equality under the law
• Right to hold property
• Freedom of religion
• Freedom to pursue career of ones choice.
• Man the master of his house and of his wife.
• Napoleon quite discriminatory towards women.
  Perhaps remembering Josephines strong will and
  unfaithfulness.

• Other things N. did for France
• Rebuilt and improved roads
• Army could move quickly
• New harbours and canals
• Filled Museums with art
• New universities and schools
• Young children to learn about him.
• Kept price of food staples low.
• Bread, Vegetables, etc.
• The starving will revolt.

79
Making France strong

• However... Economy still not really strong.
• Wealth not generated, but stolen.
• British far ahead industrially.
• Napoleon put on high tariffs for imported goods
  to protect French business.

80
Napoleon the Emperor

• Napoleon had supported revolution, but now tried
  to undo it.
• No need for Democracy
• Became more of a tyrant than rulers of ancient
  regime... including Louis-hold-my-chamberpot- XIV
• Napoleon looked back on Roman system as ideal.
• Title of First Consul
• Dressed in Roman ways

81
Napoleon the Emperor

• Cemented his control at home.
• Secret Police
• Control over papers, media, law, etc. Books and
  papers censored.
• School curriculum had to include lessons on his
  greatness.
• Yet, always remembered he needed public support,
  or face overthrow in another revolution.

82
Napoleon and Europe

• Could not control seas.
• Forbade all colonies of France to trade with
  Britain or its colonies continental system
• Fines and reprisals for allowing British ships to
  dock.
• Smuggling a huge thing.
• British made it illegal for anyone to trade with
  France.
• British sea control meant more harm to France
  than Britain.

• In 1800s, he wanted to expand and control most of
  Europe.
• Britain greatest enemy.
• Huge and powerful navy
• Had beaten him in Egypt
• Planned an invasion of England with thousands of
  troops.
• British captured his fleet before he could get it
  going. Lord Nelson.

83
Napoleon and Europe

• Rivalry spilled over to other places.
• Canada French
• United States Former British Colony.
• Started war there too. War of 1812.
• Napoleon knew victories kept him in power.
• Keen mind and pride led him to believe he could
  defeat any army.

• Using speed and surprise, he defeated armies of
  Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
• Leaders forced to sign Treaty of Tilsit in 1807.
• Napoleon controlled much of Europe.
• Could start really hurting British trade.
• Family members made monarchs in Italy, Naples,
  Spain, Sweden, Germany Holland.

84
Napoleon and Europe

• Napoleon insisted all parts of empire base
  governments and legal systems on those of France.
• Napoleonic code reached many nations.
• Abolished serfdom everywhere.
• Also inherited privileges of aristocrats now
  gone.
• Religious tolerance
• Many ancient feuds ended.

85
The rise of Nationalism

• Many conquered nations were happy. Liked
  revolution ideals and freedoms for common people.
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man gave far
  more than anything else in Europe.
• France finally came under one language, culture,
  history.... A NATION.

• Places like Austria still had many languages and
  cultures.
• Many resented Austrian rulers and wanted a nation
  as well.
• Napoleon promised various peoples in Austria he
  would help them establish new nations. Got the
  help... but French interests always came first.

86
The rise of Nationalism

• Nationalism as a movement could not be stopped.
• Unfortunately, Nationalism can easily turn into
  Racism.
• Started 2 World Wars
• German nationalism killed 6 million Jews.
• Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, Rwanda, Darfur...

87
Loss in Spain

• Brutal reprisals by French couldnt break their
  spirit.
• In 1808 in full rebellion.
• Used Guerrilla warfar.
• British sent troops under Duke of Wellington to
  help.
• French in 5 year war they couldnt win. Losses
  mounting. Morale dropping.

• Nationalism began to work against Napoleon.
• Members of his family were not accepted as rulers
  in other countries.
• Spain felt strong resentment.
• Formerly very strong
• Helped Napoleon attack Portugal, but didnt
  accept Napoleon or his brother Jerome.

88
Loss in Spain

• Everywhere all through Spain battles were fought,
  towns were besieged. One of the most famous
  sieges was that of Saragossa. The fortifications
  were poor but the hearts of the people were
  stout. Day by day they held out, the women
  fighting beside the men. One woman, named Maria
  Augustin, became famous, and was called "the Maid
  of Saragossa." She fought beside her lover,
  helping him to fire the cannon of which he was in
  charge, and when he fell dead, she still went on
  fighting and worked the cannon herself.
• Hunger and disease fought against the brave
  defenders. Still they held out. But the French at
  last gained possession of a convent which was
  almost within the walls. Their leader then sent a
  summons, to the town. It was short and sharp.
• "Headquarters, St. Engracia. Surrender," was all
  it said.
• The reply was as sharp. "Headquarters, Saragossa.
  War to the knife."
• At last, hearing of the defeat at Bailen, where
  Dupont and all his men had laid down their arms
  to the Spaniards, the French gave up the siege of
  Saragossa and marched away, "Foil'd by a woman's
  hand, before a battered wall.
• Maria Augustin, is justly one of historys most
  celebrated women.

89
The Russian Campaign

• Losses in Spain didnt mean Napoleon didnt fight
  elsewhere.
• Started to overextend himself.
• Russia at first a forced ally with France, but
  Tsar changed his mind. Napoleon declares war
  again.
• Knew it would be hard, but victory would come
  with a decisive battle.
• Assembles army of 600,000 men.
• Soldiers were French, Dutch, German, Polish, and
  Italian.
• Promised their own nations after the war.
• Napoleon wanted to trap and destroy Russian army,
  and force a surrender.
• Won two main battles, but Tsar wouldnt quit.

90
The Russian Campaign

• Weakened, but still able to fight, the Russians
  retreated into Russia, burning food and shelter
  as they went.
• Napoleons army needed to live off the land and
  were far from France. Real problem forming.
• Daily supplies needed
• - 9600 wagons of food
• - 28,000 wagons for horses
• - 60,000 cannon balls / battle.
• - 2,000,000 musket cartridges / battle

91
The Russian Campaign

• Forced peasants to carry the food stolen from
  them.
• Fed on dead horses... As long as they didnt
  freeze and couldnt be cut.
• Thousands died from cold and exposure.

• Napoleon reached Moscow and expected victory.
• City was empty... and burning.
• Now October. Winter coming. Napoleon orders full
  retreat.
• Soldiers stole/grabbed any loot they could find.
• Tossed wounded friends out of carts, leaving them
  to die.

92
The Russian Campaign

• Fierce Cossack warriors hit the retreating army
  and raided at will.
• Soldiers begin to desert and take own chances.
• In the end, only 9000 could still fight.
• In December, army virtually ceases to exist.
• Napoleon abandons army and flees on his own back
  to Paris.

93
Abdication and Exile

• Napoleon still not ready to give in.
• His officials raise a new army and continued to
  fight Prussians, Austrians, and Russians.
• Wins several battles.
• But things falling apart.
• Vocal opponent (Madame de Stael) urges Sweden to
  help Napoleons enemies. Does.

• Napoleon lost an important battle at Leipzig
  final blow.
• Napoleon loses final battle near Paris.
• Gives up the throne and exiled to Island of Elba,
  near Italy.
• Emotional farewell to his soldiers. Still lots of
  loyalty.
• Ns defeat marks end of last stage of French
  Revolution.

94
Return of the Monarchy... briefly

• Road back blocked by royal troops.
• Napoleon walks forward If you want to shoot
  your emperor, here he stands before you.
• Soldiers come over to his side. Weeping, cheers,
  hugging.

• New king began to torture and murder
  Bonapartists.
• People Kings have learned nothing, and
  forgotten nothing.
• Longing for Napoleon again.
• As Emperor on Elba, Napoleon is unhappy.
• 10 months in exile and he returns with 1000
  soldiers.

95
Return of the Monarchy... briefly

• Allies against Napoleon are worried. Begin to
  move and hope to join up as a massive single
  force.
• Napoleon rushes out towards Belgium, hoping to
  eliminate one portion before they can join up.
• Face British and German troops at Waterloo.

• June 1815.
• Duke of Wellington faces Napoleon.
• British and German troops fight very well. Dont
  retreat under heavy fire.
• Napoleons forces fight back. Old guard cut to
  pieces under musket fire.

96
Return of the Monarchy... briefly

• Napoleon flees again, covered by loyal troops.
• Captured by British naval commander at Port of
  Rochefort.
• Wanted to exile in Britain
• Powers too afraid of him
• Sent to Saint Helena, an Island far in the South
  Atlantic.
• Patrolled by British ships and 5000 troops.

• Eventually the French army is routed (first
  time).
• 130,000 battle in a small area
• 50,000 killed or wounded
• 12,000 Calvary charge British lines, but
  massacred by squares of muskets. Roman formation.
• Napoleon is over. Last big gamble.

97
Social Studies 9

• Unit 5 The Age of Steam

98
Introduction

• Not all revolutions are violent, some happening
  as a result of new inventions or ways of doing
  things.
• After 1700 the ways of growing food, making
  goods, and transporting things changed radically
  in Britain.
• Change was great enough and affected so many, it
  was called the Industrial Revolution.
• Its effects remain evident today in our own lives.

99
Introduction

• Our grandparents saw the invention of the car,
  airplane, television, and satellites. We are
  witnessing a technology revolution in our
  lifetime.
• For people in Britain, some became incredibly
  rich, while others suffered horribly in long
  hours at miserable and unsafe factories.
• Cities became more dirty, crowded, dangerous,
  and disease-ridden.

100
Introduction

• Children were not spared in this civil
  revolution.
• The economy of the world became global. Some
  countries were linked through colonies. The
  colonies provided the Mother Country with raw
  materials and bought back the manufactured goods.
• These countries often became industrialized
  themselves (ie Canada).

101
Why Britain?

• It began in Britain and took many years to reach
  the rest of Europe. So why there?
• Britain contained all the essential elements for
  it
• Good supply of people willing to work (Labour
  Supply).
• Farming enhancements meant less needed on the
  land and more looking for other work.
• Middle Class now in government and could pass
  laws that helped their businesses grow.

• Many went into business. They had excess money
  (Capital) to invest.
• Many colonies to ship in raw materials or goods
  to be sold, and they were the new markets for the
  finished goods.
• Scientific advances made in Britain, under
  support and funding by the government.
• Large deposits of raw materials such as Coal
  provided fuel for machines.

102
Agricultural Revolution

• Big changes to agriculture in terms of inventions
  and methods.
• Jethrow Tull and Lord Townshend were two key
  figures.
• Tull invented the Seed Drill that laid seed in
  neat rows of drilled holes. More grew, easier to
  cultivate and harvest. Also used manure as
  fertilizer.
• Townshed grew 4 crops in 4 years (turnips,
  barley, grasses, and wheat). Turnips and grasses
  released nutrients back into the soil and were
  cheap food for animals. Land no longer needed to
  be left fallow.
• France and others far behind.

103
Agricultural Revolution

• Center of England, called the Midlands was
  growing fast.
• Towns such as Manchester and Liverpool grew into
  huge cities. Filled with out-of-work farmers
  looking for jobs.
• The more efficient farms could feed the growing
  population of non-farming workers.

104
Economic Revolution

• England had a pro-business government.
• Although only those with wealth or power could
  get seats, this no longer only nobility.
• Many entrepreneurs got power as well.
• Ordinary people (the poor) still couldnt vote.
  Women couldnt vote
• Two main parties
• Whigs Represented middle-class
• Tories Represented rich

105
Economic Revolution

• Government followed an economic policy called
  Laissez-faire.
• Meant business and industry is as free from
  government interference as possible.
• Theory was that competition and self-interest
  would motivate businesses to grow, produce more,
  hire more, and benefit everyone. (didnt work out
  well for average workers though low wages, no
  rights.)

106
Textile Industry

• The textile industry was an important part of the
  industrial revolution, and it helped make Britain
  into a rich and powerful country.
• It had the greatest amount of technological
  change out of all industries.
• Textiles Cloth and Cloth Producers.
• Now most textiles are synthetic, many made from
  oil
• Then it came from plants or animals
  wool-sheep, silk-worms, linen-flax.

107
Textile Industry

• Britains climate was good for sheep, so they had
  a lot of them.
• Enclosures made it possible (and profitable) to
  keep huge amounts of sheep. Wool harvested
  cheaply and turned into cloth in neighbouring
  communities.
• Wool was high quality, and in high demand in
  Europe.
• This textile industry drove Britains desire for
  colonies.

• From colonies came cotton (USA, India). Also dyes
  came from India.
• Many early inventions during this time centered
  on this industry.
• John Kay and James Hargreaves went literally from
  rags to riches because of their inventions.
• John Kay Flying Shuttle. Weaving faster, and
  large looms needed only 1 person.

108
Textile Industry

• This unbalanced things though. Weavers could
  process the yarn faster than spinners could
  produce it.
• In 1764, James Hargreaves invents the Spinning
  Jenny (named for his wife).
• It was hand-cranked and allowed the spinner to
  spin several threads at once (instead of just
  1).
• James tried to keep the invention to himself
  (being a spinner), but news got out.

109
Textile Industry

• One day an angry group of spinners broke into his
  house and destroyed the machine. The were led by
  General Lud, and became known as Luddites.
• James moved away, found partners, and set up
  his own factory. Became very rich.
• Soon Spinning Jennies were used all over England.
• This inspired other people to invent as well.
• Richard Arkwright developed the Water Frame that
  spun yarn using rollers. Faster than the Jenny.
  Richard got rich.

110
Textile Industry

• Samuel Compton built a machine he called a
  mule.
• Combined best features of the Spinning Jenny and
  the Water Frame.
• More inventions followed.
• As mechanization increased, factories were needed
  to house these massive machines.
• Workers needed to watch and maintain them.
• Power needed to run them

111
The Steam Machine

• Other industries needed power too. If you were
  close to running water, you could use waterwheels
  to run your machines. But.. Soon its not enough.
• Breakthrough came as a result of an issue in coal
  mines. Water seeped in, and needed to be pumped
  out.
• Thomas Newcomen invented a machine that used
  compressed steam to pump water out. Steam Engine.

112
The Iron and Coal Industries

• Iron and Coal industries really grew when Abraham
  Darby invented a process for making better cast
  iron. Others improved on it.
• Soon cast iron products were everywhere pots and
  pans all the way to massive bridges.
• England became worlds leading producer of it.
• Coal needed to make iron, so both industries grow.

113
The Iron and Coal Industries

• Everyone used coal in winter to heat their homes.
  England is very damp and cold.
• Coal fairly cheap to buy, but thats because
  miners were paid very little.
• Mines went far underground.
• Coal makes methane gas, which can easily explode.
• Coal dust is highly toxic to the lungs and
  throat.

114
Mechanization Factory System

• Before the Ind. Rev., people made things in their
  homes or cottages, and sold them. Called still
  today a Cottage Industry.
• A person with money to invest, a capitalist, paid
  money to make a product at home, paid a set rate
  for it, and then resold it at profit.
• Farmers wives often worked like this while
  husband is in the fields.

115
The Factory Age