Identifying and Arresting Suspects

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Chapter 6

• Identifying and Arresting Suspects

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Identifying a Suspect at the Scene

• Identification by drivers license
• Drivers License Guide

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Field Identification/Show-Up Identification

• Field Identification or show-up identification is
  on-the-scene identification of a suspect by a
  victim of or witness to a crime. Field
  identification must be made within a short time
  after the crime was committed.
• U.S. v. Ash, Jr. (1973) established that a
  suspect does not have the right to have counsel
  present at a field identification.

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Suspects are Developed by

1. Information provided by the victims, witnesses
   and other persons
2. Physical Evidence left at the crime scene
3. Psychological profiling
4. Information in police files
5. Information in the files of other agencies
6. Informants

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Victim and Witness Information

• Ask very specific questions
• Use mug shots of possible suspects
• Use composite drawings and sketches
• Examining modus operandi information

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Information in Police Files and Other Agencies

• Community Level
• County Level
• State Level
• Federal Level
• INTERPOL The International Criminal Police
  Organization
• Private Agencies

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Identifying Suspects

• Photographic Identification A suspect does not
  have the right to a lawyer if a photographic
  lineup is used (U.S. v. Ash).
• Lineup Identification Suspects may refuse to
  participate in a lineup, but such refusals can be
  used against them in court (Schmerber v.
  California). Suspects have a 6th Amendment right
  to have an attorney present during a lineup (U.S.
  v. Wade).

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Surveillance

• Surveillance (literally, to watch over) is the
  covert, discreet observation of people or places.
• The surveillant is the plainclothes investigator
  who makes the observation.
• The subject is who or what is being observed.
• Surveillance can be either stationary or moving.
• Tail, rough tail, open tail, loose tail, close
  (tight) tail.

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Surveillance Equipment

• Binoculars
• Telescopes
• Night-vision equipment
• Body wires
• Video systems

• Cameras
• Aerial Surveillance
• Visual/Video Surveillance
• Audio Surveillance

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Undercover Assignments

• Obtain evidence for prosecution
• Obtain leads into criminal activities
• Check reliability or witnesses or informants
• Gain information about premises for future
• Check the security of a person in highly
  sensitive position
• Obtain evidence against subversive groups

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Precautions for Undercover Agents

• Do not write notes the subject can read
• Carry no identification other than the cover ID
• Ensure that any communication with headquarters
  is covert
• Do not suggest, plan initiate or participate in
  criminal activity (avoid entrapment)

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Precautions in Conducting Raids

• Ensure that the raid is legal Search Warrant
• Plan carefully
• Assign adequate personnel and equipment
• Brief every member of the raiding party
• Be aware of surveillance devices at the site

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Legal Arrests

• Arrest The taking of a person into custody in
  the manner authorized by law for the purpose of
  presenting that person before a magistrate to
  answer for the commission of a crime.

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Police Officers are authorized to make an Arrest

• For any crime committed in their presence.
• For a felony not committed in their presence if
  they have probable cause to believe the person
  committed the crime. In some states they can
  arrest for a misdemeanor not committed in their
  presence.
• Under the authority of an arrest warrant.

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Use of Force in making an Arrest

• Use only as much force as is necessary
• Reasonable force is the amount of force a prudent
  person would use in similar circumstances
• Exceptional force means more than ordinary force

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Graham v. Conner

• Five Factors to evaluate excessive force
• Severity of the crime
• Suspect posed an immediate threat
• Circumstances were tense, uncertain
• Suspect attempting to evade arrest
• Suspect actively resisting arrest

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Deadly Force

• Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
• The Court banned police from shooting to kill
  fleeing felons unless an imminent danger to life
  exists. A police officer may not seize an
  unarmed, non-dangerous suspect by shooting him
  dead.

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Suicide by Police

• Suicide by police is a phenomenon I which someone
  intentionally acts so threatening toward officers
  as to force them to fire,accomplishing the
  subjects ultimate goal of dying, albeit not by
  their own hand.

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