The Human Body

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The Human Body

• There are over 100 trillion cells in your body.
  Those cells are organized into tissues.
  Different tissues are organized into organs.
  Groups of organs make organ systems. Organ
  systems make up an organism.

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There are four basic types of tissues
__________ tissue - protects
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There are four basic types of tissues
Epithelial tissue - protects
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One kind of epithelial tissue is the skin.
Epithelial tissue also lines the gut and lungs.
Many glands are made of epithelial tissue.
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There are four basic types of tissues
__________ tissue supports and defends
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There are four basic types of tissues
Connective tissue - supports and defends
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Connective Tissue supports and defends.

• Cells of the immune system Macrophages and
  lymphocytes

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Connective Tissue supports and defends.

• Cells of the skeletal system fibroblasts,
  cartilage, bone

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Connective Tissue supports and defends.

• Adipose tissue (fat) , Erythrocytes (red blood
  cells)

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There are four basic types of tissues
__________ tissue sends signals
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There are four basic types of tissues
Nervous tissue - sends signals
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Nervous tissue sends signals.

• Made up of neurons and support cells (also called
  glial cells)

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There are four basic types of tissues
__________ tissue permits movement
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There are four basic types of tissues
Muscle tissue - permits movement
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Muscle tissue permits movement.

• There are three types of muscle tissue smooth,
  skeletal and cardiac.

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Homeostasis- the maintenance of a stable internal
environment
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The body fluid not inside your cells is called
extracellular fluid.
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Because so much exchange occurs across the
membranes of cells, extreme changes in the
composition or volume of the extracellular fluid
can have very serious effects on the cells.
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To maintain homeostasis, the central nervous
system gathers information about what is going on
in the body, evaluates this feedback, and issues
commands to counteract any change from normal.
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Most things are controlled by _________
__________.
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Most things are controlled by negative feedback.
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Things such as blood pressure, body temperature
and pH are compared with their normal values.
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Anything that causes a change away from the
normal value initiates a response from the body
that brings it back to normal.
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An example of negative feedback The normal body
temperature is about 98 degrees Fahrenheit. When
you have a fever, your body temperature is above
this normal level, and the nervous system detects
this change.
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The brain will then trigger mechanisms such as
sweating and dilating the blood vessels in the
skin, which lower your temperature back to normal.
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Some things in the body are controlled by
_________ __________, which causes the body to
drive the variable even farther away form normal.
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Some things in the body are controlled by
positive feedback, which causes the body to drive
the variable even farther away form normal.
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This happens in childbirth the pressure of the
babys head on the lower part of the uterus
increases the frequency and intensity of uterine
contractions.
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The Skeletal System
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There are __________ bones in the adult skeleton.
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There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton.
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Skeletal System

• A flexible endoskeleton allows the body a wide
  range of motion while supporting a body of
  considerable size.
• The skeletal system provides a frame work against
  which the muscles can pull.
• It also protects the delicate organs inside the
  body, such as the brain, lungs, heart. Etc.

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The human skeleton has two main parts__________
skeleton skull, ribcage, backbone__________
skeleton arms, legs, shoulders, pelvis,etc.
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The human skeleton has two main partsAxial
skeleton skull, ribcage, backbone__________
skeleton arms, legs, shoulders, pelvis,etc.
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The human skeleton has two main partsAxial
skeleton skull, ribcage, backboneAppendicular
skeleton arms, legs, shoulders, pelvis,etc.
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Type of Bones
Flat ribs, shoulder
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Type of Bones
Long arms, legs
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Type of Bones
Short feet, wrists
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Type of Bones
Irregular vertebrae
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• Bone is made of calcium-hardened fibers that make
  it strong yet flexible. It is a living tissue
  and receives oxygen and nutrients by blood
  vessels that pass through hollow channels in the
  bone called ______________________________.
• Bones also contain nerve fibers. Bones are
  surrounded by a tough white membrane called the
  ________________.
• Bone tissue can either be in the form of compact
  bone or spongy bone.

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• Bone is made of calcium-hardened fibers that make
  it strong yet flexible. It is a living tissue
  and receives oxygen and nutrients by blood
  vessels that pass through hollow channels in the
  bone called Haversion canal.
• Bones also contain nerve fibers. Bones are
  surrounded by a tough white membrane called the
  ________________.
• Bone tissue can either be in the form of compact
  bone or spongy bone.

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• Bone is made of calcium-hardened fibers that make
  it strong yet flexible. It is a living tissue
  and receives oxygen and nutrients by blood
  vessels that pass through hollow channels in the
  bone called Haversion canal.
• Bones also contain nerve fibers. Bones are
  surrounded by a tough white membrane called the
  periosteum.
• Bone tissue can either be in the form of compact
  bone or spongy bone.

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Haversion canals
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Two substances that can be found inside bone

• ___________ marrow produces red blood cells.
• ___________ marrow stores fat.

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Two substances that can be found inside bone

• Red marrow produces red blood cells.
• Yellow marrow stores fat.

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• ____________ is a type of connective tissue that
  is softer and more flexible than bone. It is the
  main component of embryonic skeletons. During
  development, much of it hardens into bone. In
  adults, cartilage can still be found in the ear,
  nose, trachea, and at the end of bones to keep
  them from grinding against each other.

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• Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is
  softer and more flexible than bone. It is the
  main component of embryonic skeletons. During
  development, much of it hardens into bone. In
  adults, cartilage can still be found in the ear,
  nose, trachea, and at the end of bones to keep
  them from grinding against each other.

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__________ - bone tissue is broken down faster
than it is replaced. Bones become less dense and
brittle. Osteoporosis occurs primarily in
females due to the loss of calcium and sex
hormones during menopause.
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Osteoporosis - bone tissue is broken down faster
than it is replaced. Bones become less dense and
brittle. Osteoporosis occurs primarily in
females due to the loss of calcium and sex
hormones during menopause.
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• A __________ is the place at which two bones
  meet. They can either be immovable (skull),
  slightly moveable (vertebrae), or freely moveable
  (knee).

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• A joint is the place at which two bones meet.
  They can either be immovable (skull), slightly
  moveable (vertebrae), or freely moveable (knee).

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Immoveable joints (sutures)
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Slightly moveable (vertebrae)
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Freely moveable - (knee)
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• _____________ - connect bone to bone
• ____________ - connect bone to muscle

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Ligaments connect bone to bone
Tendons connect bone to muscle
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Muscular System
http//srs.dl.ac.uk/OTHER/OW/MUSCLE/page2.html

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There are three kinds of muscles

• ____________ - Appears striated,
• voluntary movement
• ____________ - Walls of internal organs such as
  the stomach and blood vessels, involuntary
  movement
• ____________ - Only in the heart, appears
  striated, involuntary

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There are three kinds of muscles

• Skeletal - Appears striated,
• voluntary movement
• ____________ Walls of internal organs such as the
  stomach and blood vessels, involuntary movement
• ____________ Only in the heart, appears striated,
  involuntary

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There are three kinds of muscles

• Skeletal - Appears striated,
• voluntary movement
• Smooth - Walls of internal organs such as the
  stomach and blood vessels, involuntary movement
• ____________ Only in the heart, appears striated,
  involuntary

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There are three kinds of muscles

• Skeletal - Appears striated,
• voluntary movement
• Smooth - Walls of internal organs such as the
  stomach and blood vessels, involuntary movement
• Cardiac - Only in the heart, appears striated,
  involuntary

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• The skeleton provides a framework against which
  the muscles can pull. One end of the muscle, the
  _______, is attached to a bone that remains
  stationary during the contraction. The other end
  of the muscle, the _____________, is attached to
  a bone that moves during the contraction.

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• The skeleton provides a framework against which
  the muscles can pull. One end of the muscle, the
  origin is attached to a bone that remains
  stationary during the contraction. The other end
  of the muscle, the _____________, is attached to
  a bone that moves during the contraction.

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• The skeleton provides a framework against which
  the muscles can pull. One end of the muscle, the
  origin is attached to a bone that remains
  stationary during the contraction. The other end
  of the muscle, the insertion, is attached to a
  bone that moves during the contraction.

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_____________ cause the limbs to straighten

• _____________ cause the limbs to bend at a joint

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Extensors cause the limbs to straighten
Flexors cause the limbs to bend at a joint

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• Within each muscle are bundles of smaller muscle
  fibers called myofibrils. Those myofibrils
  contain many protein filaments called ________
  and __________.
• Actin and myosin filaments are arranged into
  sacromeres, which are the functional unit of
  contractions.

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• Within each muscle are bundles of smaller muscle
  fibers called myofibrils. Those myofibrils
  contain many protein filaments called actin and
  myosin
• Actin and myosin filaments are arranged into
  sacromeres, which are the functional unit of
  contractions.

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• When a muscle fiber contracts, adjacent myosin
  and actin filaments slide along one another so
  that they overlap a great deal and shorten each
  sarcomere. This explanation of muscle
  contraction is called the _____________________
  theory.

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• When a muscle fiber contracts, adjacent myosin
  and actin filaments slide along one another so
  that they overlap a great deal and shorten each
  sarcomere. This explanation of muscle
  contraction is called the Sliding filament theory.

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The Skin

• (The Integumentary System)

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The Skin

• Skin protects the body from injury, provides
  defense against disease, helps regulate
  temperature, and prevents the body from drying
  out.

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The Skin

• The skin is composed of three layers
• __________-outermost layer of skin these skin
  cells are dead and are continually being replaced
• __________-middle layer has many nerve ending,
  blood vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands
• __________ __________-inner layer stores fat,
  provides insulation

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The Skin

• The skin is composed of three layers
• Epidermis-outermost layer of skin these skin
  cells are dead and are continually being replaced
• __________-middle layer has many nerve ending,
  blood vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands
• __________ __________-inner layer stores fat,
  provides insulation

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The Skin

• The skin is composed of three layers
• Epidermis-outermost layer of skin these skin
  cells are dead and are continually being replaced
• Dermis-middle layer has many nerve ending, blood
  vessels, hair follicles and sweat glands
• __________ __________-inner layer stores fat,
  provides insulation

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The Skin

• The skin is composed of three layers
• Epidermis-outermost layer of skin these skin
  cells are dead and are continually being replaced
• Dermis-middle layer has many nerve ending, blood
  vesse bfhls, hair follicles and sweat glands
• Subcutaneous tissue-inner layer stores fat,
  provides insulation

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Some skin disorders

• Carcinoma

A basal cell carcinoma is a form of skin cancer.
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Some skin disorders

• Acne

For reasons no one completely understands,
follicles, often called pores, sometimes get
blocked. Sebum (oil) which normally drains to the
surface gets blocked and bacteria begins to grow.
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Some skin disorders

• malignant melanoma

Malignant melanoma is a cancer which usually
starts in the skin, either in a mole or in
normal-looking skin. Although the number of
people who develop melanoma is rising, it is
still an uncommon type of cancer.
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Some skin disorders

• Psoriasis

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated, genetic disease
manifesting in the skin and/or the joints. It is
a non-contagious and life-long skin disease that
has different forms. Some people may have a spot
or two, while others may have extensive coverage
on their body.
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Immune System
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Immune System
The skin and mucous membranes provide the first
line of defense.
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Immune System
The second line of defense is provided by several
different patrolling cells
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__________ kill bacteria one at a time by
ingesting them
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Macrophages kill bacteria one at a time by
ingesting them
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__________ release chemicals that kill nearby
bacteria (and themselves)
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Neutrophils release chemicals that kill nearby
bacteria (and themselves)
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The inflammatory response expansion of blood
vessels at site of injury (causing swelling and
redness) Migration of macrophages and neutrophils
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The temperature response fevers inhibit
bacterial growth
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Immune System
The third line of defense is the IMMUNE SYSTEM!!!!
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Macrophages initiate the immune defense by
sending an alarm signal
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Helper T cells activate killer T cells and B
cells
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Killer T cells attack and kill infected body
cell
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B cells use antibodies to label invaders for
destruction by macrophages and killer T cell
some become _________cells
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B cells use antibodies to label invaders for
destruction by macrophages and killer T cell
some become memory cells
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Autoimmune diseases
In autoimmune diseases, the body cannot
distinguish normal body cells from foreign
invaders, and the body attacks its own cells
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Prominent autoimmune diseases afflicting 22
million people in the US, costing more than 100
billion annually to treat
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Allergies are caused by an immune response to a
harmless substance.
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HIV attacks and cripples the immune system by
destroying the white blood cells.
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Endocrine System
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Endocrine System
The endocrine organs secrete _______ Into the
blood stream
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Endocrine System
The endocrine organs secrete hormones into the
blood stream
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Endocrine System
Pineal Gland secretes the hormone
Melatonin-circadian rhythms
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Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland secretes the hormones

• Vasopressin-water reabsorption
• Oxytocin-uterine contractions during labor

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Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland secretes the hormones

• Growth hormone-bone and muscle growth
• Prolactin-milk production

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Endocrine System
Thyroid secretes the hormones

• Thyroid hormones (T4 T3)-metabolic activity
• Calcitonin-decreases blood calcium level

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Endocrine System
Parathyroid secretes the hormone

• Parathyroid hormone-increases blood calcium

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Endocrine System
Adrenal- secretes the hormone

• Epinephrine-increases heart rate

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Endocrine System
Pancreas- secretes the hormones

• Insulin-lowers blood glucose
• Glucagon-increases blood glucose

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Endocrine System
Ovary- secretes the hormones

• Estrogen-female characteristics
• Progesterone-maintenance of endometrium

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Endocrine System
Testis- secretes the hormone

• Testosterone-male characteristics

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Reproductive System
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Males The male gonads, called the __________,
contain two components the seminiferous tubules
and the interstitial cells.
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Males The male gonads, called the testes,
contain two components the seminiferous tubules
and the interstitial cells.
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Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules,
while the interstitial cells secrete testosterone
and other hormones.
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The testes are located in an external pouch
called the scrotum, which maintains a temperature
2-4oC lower than the body temperature, a
condition essential for sperm survival.
Scrotum
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Sperm pass from the seminiferous tubule
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Sperm pass from the seminiferous tubule into the
epididymis
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Sperm pass from the seminiferous tubule into the
epididymis then the vas deferens
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Sperm pass from the seminiferous tubule into the
epididymis then the vas deferens and then to the
urethra
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Sperm pass from the seminiferous tubule into the
epididymis then the vas deferens and then to the
urethra and out through the penis. Puberty is
between 13-15 years old.
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Females The female gonads, called the _______,
produces eggs and secrete the hormones estrogen
and progesterone.
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Females The female gonads, called the ovaries,
produces eggs and secrete the hormones estrogen
and progesterone.
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Once a month, an immature egg is released from
the ovary into the abdominal cavity and drawn
into the fallopian tube.
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The egg then travels to the __________ , which is
the site of fetal development.
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The egg then travels to the uterus , which is the
site of fetal development.
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The lower end of the uterus is called the cervix,
which is connected to the vagina. Puberty is
complete by age 13.
cervix
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During ovulation, the wall of the uterus thickens
to prepare for pregnancy. If the egg is not
fertilized by a sperm, then this thickened layer
is shed and blood vessels are broken, which is
called menstruation.
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Human Development
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The fusion of a sperm and egg is called a
__________.
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The fusion of a sperm and egg is called a zygote.
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After fertilization the zygote rapidly divides
into more cells and continues to travel down the
fallopian tube.
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Around the sixth day after fertilization, the
embryo implants in the tissue of the uterus.
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The growing fetus receives oxygen and nutrients
directly from its mother through the __________
and umbilical cord.
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The growing fetus receives oxygen and nutrients
directly from its mother through the placenta and
umbilical cord.
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Circulatory System
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The circulatory system transports nutrients,
wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and hormones.
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It also distributes heat and maintains body
temperature.
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The circulatory system is composed of blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, blood and the heart.
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Blood leaves the heart through __________, which
branch into many smaller arterioles, and then to
capillaries.
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Blood leaves the heart through arteries, which
branch into many smaller arterioles, and then to
capillaries.
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In the capillaries, food and oxygen are
transferred from the blood to the body cells, and
carbon dioxide and wastes are picked up and
carried away.
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Blood returns to the heart through venules and
veins.
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The cardiovascular system is VERY leaky. Fluids
are forced out of the thin walls of the
capillaries by pressure. This fluid is picked up
by the lymphatic tissues and returned to veins.
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Components of blood

• The __________ contains water, metabolite (like
  glucose and vitamins), wastes, ions (sodium,
  chloride, etc) and proteins.

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Components of blood

• The plasma contains water, metabolite (like
  glucose and vitamins), wastes, ions (sodium,
  chloride, etc) and proteins.

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Components of blood

• The cellular portion of the blood is made up of
  three different types of cells.

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__________ blood cells (erythrocytes)- shaped
like a float disk, carry oxygen, replaced
frequently.
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Red blood cells (erythrocytes)- shaped like a
float disk, carry oxygen, replaced frequently.
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Anemia is caused by a decrease in the number of
red blood cells.
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________ blood cells (leukocytes)- used in the
immune system for defense.
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WHITE blood cells (leukocytes)- used in the
immune system for defense.
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Leukemia is caused by an overproduction of white
blood cells.
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__________ - play a key role in blood clotting.
Red blood cell
White blood cell
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Platelets (blue)- play a key role in blood
clotting.
Red blood cell
White blood cell
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The heart is divided into ___________
chambers-left atrium, right atrium, left
ventricle, right ventricle.
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The heart is divided into four chambers-left
atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right
ventricle.
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A small cluster of cells in the right
atrium,called the sinoatrial node (SA node),
initiate contraction of the heart.
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The SA node acts as the ___________ of the heart,
spontaneously starting contractions with a
regular rhythm.
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The SA node acts as the pacemaker of the heart,
spontaneously starting contractions with a
regular rhythm.
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After initiation, the wave of contraction spreads
across both atria, is delayed for an instant, and
then spreads to the ventricles by the
atrioventricular node (AV node) and Bundle of
His.
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? Pump your Blood song ? From Happy DaysSang by
the character Potsie Webberhttp//www.sitcomsonli
ne.com/happydays.html

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?Pump, pump, pumps your blood?The right atriums
where the process begins, where the CO2 blood
enters the heart. ? Through the tricuspid valve,
to the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and
lungs. ? Once inside the lungs, it dumps its
carbon dioxide and picks up its oxygen supply. ?
Then its back to the heart through the pulmonary
vein, through the atrium and left ventricle. ?
Pump, pump, pumps your blood
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?Pump, pump, pumps your blood ? The aortic
valves, where the Blood leaves the heart, then
it's channeled to the rest of the bod ? The
arteries, arterioles, and capillaries too bring
the oxygenated blood to the cells ? The tissues
and the cells trade off waste and CO2, which is
carried through the venules and the veins ?
Through the larger vena cava to the atrium and
lungs, and we're back to where we started in the
heart ? Pump, pump, pumps your Blood
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Blood flows through the heart in the following
order
vena cava-right atrium-tricuspid valve-right
ventricle-pulmonary valve-pulmonary
artery-lungs-pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid
valve-left ventricle-aortic valve-aorta-body
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• Blood pressure is a measure of cardiovascular
  function.
• During the fist part of the heartbeat, the atria
  are relaxed and filling with blood.
• This is called the __________ pressure.

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• Blood pressure is a measure of cardiovascular
  function.
• During the fist part of the heartbeat, the atria
  are relaxed and filling with blood.
• This is called the diastolic pressure.

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• The second part of the heartbeat is when the
  ventricles contract, pushing blood out into the
  body.
• This is called the __________ pressure.

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• The second part of the heartbeat is when the
  ventricles contract, pushing blood out into the
  body.
• This is called the systolic pressure.

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Another way to monitor the heart is through
measuring the tiny electrical impulses produced
by the heart when it contracts.A recording of
this is called an __________.
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Another way to monitor the heart is through
measuring the tiny electrical impulses produced
by the heart when it contracts.A recording of
this is called anelectrocardiogram.
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Hypertension is high blood pressure and can lead
to heart damage, stroke, or kidney failure.
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Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty deposits on
the inner walls of arteries.
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Respiratory System
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Respiratory System
Provides your body with a constant supply of
oxygen
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__________

• filters particles,
• moistens and
• warms the air

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Nose

• filters particles,
• moistens and
• warms the air

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__________
Upper throat (common tract for both food and air)
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Pharynx
Upper throat (common tract for both food and air)
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__________
Long tube that carries air to the lungs. (A flap
called the epiglottis cover the trachea when you
swallow so that food and liquids do not go into
your lungs)
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Trachea
Long tube that carries air to the lungs. (A flap
called the epiglottis cover the trachea when you
swallow so that food and liquids do not go into
your lungs)
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__________
Two branches-one goes to the left lung, one goes
to the right lung
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Bronchi
Two branches-one goes to the left lung, one goes
to the right lung
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__________
Millions of tiny sacs where exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide occurs
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Alveoli
Millions of tiny sacs where exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide occurs
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Breathing is the result of pressure changes that
occur inside the thoracic cavity.
200
During inhalation, the __________ contracts and
moves downward and the rib cage moves upward and
outward.
201
During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and
moves downward and the rib cage moves upward and
outward.
The air pressure inside the lungs decreases,
causing air to rush in.
202
During exhalation, the diaphragm and ribs return
to their original position and this compression
forces air out of the lungs.
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As blood flows through the lungs, oxygen is
picked up by red blood cells, which contain
hemoglobin.
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Every breath is initiated by the respiratory
control center in the brain, which sends signals
to the diaphragm to contract.
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Asthma is a disease in which the bronchioles
constrict, making it hard to breathe.
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Emphysema is caused by cigarette smoking, which
damages the alveoli.
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Lung cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth
often due to cigarette smoking.
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Digestive System
209
Digestion is the process of breaking down food
into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by
the body.
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Mouth?Saliva moisten and lubricates the food
?Saliva contains the enzyme __________ , which
begins breakdown of carbohydrates
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Mouth?Saliva moisten and lubricates the food
?Saliva contains the enzyme amylase , which
begins breakdown of carbohydrates
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Esophagus?Tube that connects the mouth to the
stomach?__________ contractions push the food
down ?A sphincter separates esophagus stomach,
preventing acid reflux
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Esophagus?Tube that connects the mouth to the
stomach?Peristaltic contractions push the food
down ?A sphincter separates esophagus stomach,
preventing acid reflux
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Stomach?The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid,
which breaks down proteins ?The mixture of food
and gastric juice is churned and becomes
__________
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Stomach?The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid,
which breaks down proteins ?The mixture of food
and gastric juice is churned and becomes chyme
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Small Intestine?The small intestine is wound
up-unwound it would be 20 feet long!?The SI is
lined with fingerlike projections called
__________ that increase the surface area and
allow for faster absorption of food and water.
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Small Intestine?The small intestine is wound
up-unwound it would be 20 feet long!?The SI is
lined with fingerlike projections called
microvilli that increase the surface area and
allow for faster absorption of food and water.
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Small Intestine?Most digestive enzymes are made
in the pancreas and secreted into the SI ?The
liver makes bile which is secreted into the SI
and helps fat digestion. ?The complete digestion
of carbohydrates, fats and proteins occurs in the
SI
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Small Intestine?Nutrients that are absorbed
from the small intestine are sent to the liver,
which modifies the nutrients, and detoxifies
alcohol
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Large Intestine?No digestion just some
absorption of ___________ and vitamins ?Wastes
are compacted and sent to the rectum and then out
throughthe anus
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Large Intestine?No digestion just some
absorption of water and vitamins ?Wastes are
compacted and sent to the rectum and then out
throughthe anus
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Excretory System
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Humans eliminate wastes in a process called
excretion. Excretion rids the body of nitrogen
wastes like ammonia, excessive water, salts, etc.
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Kidneys ? Two small bean-shaped organs located
in the lower back
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Kidneys ? Three main sections of the kidney
cortex (outer layer), medulla (inner layer),
renal pelvis
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Kidneys ? The kidneys form urine and regulate
the amount of water and salt in the blood. ?
Kidney failure is life threatening.
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Kidneys ? Urine produced by the kidneys passes
through the ureters and into the urinary bladder.
? Urine leaves the bladder and exits the
__________
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Kidneys ? Urine produced by the kidneys passes
through the ureters and into the urinary bladder.
? Urine leaves the bladder and exits the
Urethra
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The Nervous System

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Nerve cells can quickly transmit messages to the
body. A nerve cell, or _____________, consists
of three basic parts the cell body, the
dendrites, and the axon. Dendrites receive
information and send it to the cell body. Then
the information travels along a single axon to
other cells.
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Nerve cells can quickly transmit messages to the
body. A nerve cell, or neuron consists of three
basic parts the cell body, the dendrites, and
the axon. Dendrites receive information and send
it to the cell body. Then the information
travels along a single axon to other cells.
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Impulses, known as action potentials, are passed
from one nerve to the next.
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234
Many nerves are covered by a myelin sheath, which
speeds the nerve impulse by allowing
________________ conduction. In multiple
sclerosis, the myelin sheath is destroyed,
interfering with nerve transmission.
235
Many nerves are covered by a myelin sheath, which
speeds the nerve impulse by allowing saltatory
conduction. In multiple sclerosis, the myelin
sheath is destroyed, interfering with nerve
transmission.
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The _________ Nervous System-The Brain spinal
cord
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The central Nervous System-The Brain spinal
cord
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Brain Stem (Medulla) heart rate, respiration,
blood pressure, coughing, sneezing and digestion.

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Cerebellum responsible for coordinated
movement, balance, posture and muscle tone
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Hypothalamus body temperature, appetite, water
balance, thirst and blood pressure
Thalamus relays information between spinal cord
and cerebellum.
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Cerebrum (Cerebral Cortex) intellect, memory,
language, personality and motor function.
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The brain can be divided into four major lobes
occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal.
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244
The __________ Nervous System
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The Peripheral Nervous System sensory nerves and
motor nerves

246
Sensory nerves gather information about your
environment and body conditions and deliver it to
the central nervous system.
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Motor Nerves transmit information from the
central nervous system to muscles and glands
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Somatic voluntary muscles (skeletal muscles)
249
Autonomic involuntary muscles (cardiac smooth
muscles)
250
dominant during times of stress fight or
flight increases blood pressure, heart rate,
breathing rate decreases digestion
__________ -
251
dominant during times of stress fight or
flight increases blood pressure, heart rate,
breathing rate decreases digestion
Sympathetic -
252
__________ more relaxed state conserves energy
decreases heartbeat and breathing increases
digestion
253
Parasympathetic more relaxed state conserves
energy decreases heartbeat and breathing
increases digestion
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Special Senses
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Ear hearing and equilibrium

• Sound waves enter the ear canal and hit the
  eardrum, causing it to vibrate.
• Behind the eardrum are three small bones called
  ossicles which transmit the vibration to the
  cochlea.
• The cochlea is a fluid-filled chamber with hair
  cells, which bend and send nerve signals to the
  brain.

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Eyes
257
Eyes
Sclera tough outer layer (white of the
eye) Cornea bends and focuses light rays Pupil
where light enters the eye
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Eyes
Iris controls the amount of light entering the
eye (colored part of eye) Lens focuses light on
the rear of the eye Retina light sensing
portion generates nerve impulses rods and cones
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Taste Taste buds are connected to nerves that
send information to the brain.
There are four basic taste sensations salty,
sour, sweet, bitter
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Smell olfactory receptors line the nose
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Skin senses touch, temperature, pain, etc.
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The End