Title: Phonetics and Phonology ??? ???
1Phonetics and Phonology??? ???
2Phonetics vs. Phonology Definition
- Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human
languages how they are produced, transmitted and
how they are received. - Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in
a language form patterns and how these sounds are
used to convey meaning in linguistic
communication. - Distinction meaning
3Phonetics vs. Phonology Essential Concepts
- Phonetics
- -- voiceless vs. voiced
- Phonology
- -- phoneme
- -- suprasegmental features
4- Ex.
- too ? tea ?? /t/
- ?too??/t/?, ?????????
- ?tea??/t/?,?????????
- ????????/t/???????, ?????too??/u/???/i/,?????tea
?
5- Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,
transmitted, and perceived.
6Fields of Phonetics (p. 44)
- Articulatory phonetics (?????)
- -- speakers production
- Acoustic phonetics (?????)
- -- transmissions medium
- Auditory phonetics (?????)
- -- receivers reception
7 Articulation of Sounds(p.45)
8(No Transcript)
9Position of the vocal folds (p. 45) voiceless
(??) and voicing(??)
10- The distinction between vowels and consonants
lies in the obstruction of airstream. - As there is no obstruction of air in the
production of vowels, the description of the
consonants and vowels cannot be done along the
same lines.
11Description of Consonants (p.53)
- Three steps
- -- voiced or voiceless
- -- place of articulation
- -- manner of articulation
12?
?
k g
t d
p b
t? d?
? ?
s z
? ð
f v
?
n
m
l
r
j
w
13Description of Vowels (p. 52)
1. Openness of oral cavity Close, open / Low,
mid, high
2. Tongue retraction and extension Front,
central, back
3. Lip rounding rounded, unrounded
14- 4. the number of vowels
- Monophthongs
- i, ?, u, ?, ? --long
vowel - i, ?, ?, e, æ, ?, u --short
vowel - Diphthongs
- ei, ai, ?i, ??, u?, i?, au, ?u
- Triphthongs
- Fire fai?, hour au?, loir l?i????,
- lower l?u?, mayor mei?m??
15- In each of the following pairs of words, the bold
italicized sounds differ by one or more phonetic
properties(features). Give the symbol for each of
the italicized sounds, state their differences
and, in addition, state what properties they have
in common. - Example phone-phonic
- The o in phone is mid and unrounded
- The o in phonic is low and rounded
- Both are back vowels.
16- bathbathe
- reducereduction
- coolcold
- catsdogs
- impoliteindecent
17- English has a number of expressions such as
chit-chat and flip-flop which never seem to
occur in the reverse order(i.e. chat-chit,
flop-flip). Here are more examples of this kind - criss-cross hip-hop riff-raff
- dilly-dally knick-knacks see-saw
- ding-dong mish-mash sing-song
- fiddle-faddle ping-pong tick-tock
- flim-flam piter-patter zig-zag
- Explain why the expressions never occur in the
reverse order.
18Explanation
- In the ablaut reduplications, the first vowel is
almost always a high vowel and the reduplicated
ablaut variant of the vowel is a low vowel. There
is also a tendency for the first vowel to be
front and the second vowel to be back.
19Phonology
- Phone (p. 64) A phone is a phonetic unit or
segment. All the speech sounds we produce are
phones. Take the sounds in the following words
for example feel, leaf, top, stop f i l
s t.
20Phonology (p. 56-8)
- Phoneme(??) phonological and abstract unit, a
unit of distinctive value the smallest unit of
sound in a language which can distinguish two
words. - ??
- beat vs. seat, pig vs. peg,
- Phonemes are usually put between two slashes /p/
/b/ /?/ ð /
21Allophone (p. 57)
- Phonemes are abstract units and cannot be read
out. Its realization in certain phonetic
environments results in allophones, variants of
the phoneme. Allophones are put between two
brackets. p ph, tth, k - Ex.
- -- pin phin vs. stop st?p
- -- cape kheip vs. kick khik
- -- bad bæd vs. bed bed
22More Examples
scar k class kh skin c kiss ch
cocktail k? factory c?
give garden g
/g/
/k/
spit p pity ph stop talking p?
/p/
23More examples
lead l milk
stop t top th written ? get to
t? eighth
/l/
pet e pen
/ t /
/e/
meat m comfort
/m/
24Change the following phonemic transcriptions into
phonetic transcriptions
- (a) /tip/
- (b) /bin/
- (c) /kis/
- (d) /wik/
- (e) /fel/
25Minimal Pairs (p. 58)
- Minimal Pairs If two words are identical in form
except for one sound segment that occurs in the
same place in the string. i.e. fine vs. vine
crick vs. creek, bowl vs. dole lobe vs. load
thigh vs. thy - Minimal set beat, bit, bait, bet, bat, bite
26Complementary Distribution (p. 64)
- If two or more phones never occur in the same
phonological context, they are in complementary
distribution. - 1. Allophones of one phoneme
- -- aspirated and unaspirated stops
- 2. The velar nasal ? and the glottal glide h
27sing / hat
tar / star
tar / car
written/written
(p. 59)
28Distinctive Features (p. 60)?????
- A distinctive feature is a feature which
distinguishes one phoneme from another.
29List features that can differentiate the
following pairs of sounds
- /-voiced/, /voiced/
- /nasal/, /-nasal/
- /front//-rounded/, /-front//rounded/
- /high/, /-high/
- /front/, /-front/
- /sibilant/, /-sibilant/
- /k/, /g/
- /n/, /l/
- /i/, /u/
- /i/, /e/
- /æ/, /?/
- /s/, /f/
30Sequential Constraints (p. 62)
- Explain why churchchurches, oozeoozes,
- kisskisses, but deathdeaths, cloth--clothes
- Sibilants ? ? s z ? ? are not allowed
to be followed by another sibilant, but ? and
ð arent sibilants (???).
31Homorganic Consonants (p.63)
- Explain why im-possible, im-moral,
- but in-decisive, in-tangible
- The phoneme following the negative prefix (im or
in) must have the same place of articulation with
n or m. - This constraint leads to assimilation (??) p.51
- ?in-discrete?,n??n
- ?in-conceivable?,n???
- ?in-put?,n??m
32Suprasegmental features (?????) p. 65
- Suprasegmental features non-segmental phonemic
features that occur above the level of the
segments
33Syllable ?? (p. 66)
-
- step
- /st/ /e/ p/
- onset peak coda
Syllable (onset)?? peak??? (coda)??
syllable core
34Word Stress (p. 67)
- The location of stress in English distinguishes
meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may
change the part of speech of a word - Ex.
- verb im5port in5crease re5bel
re5cord - noun 5import 5increase 5rebel
5record - Compounds have initial stress while adj. nouns
stress the noun, eg. - -- hotdog a kind of food --
White House - -- hot dog an overheated dog -- white
house
35Sentence Stress (p. 68)
- Sentence stress----Generally, nouns, main verbs,
adjectives, adverbs, numerals, and demonstrative
pronouns are stressed. Other categories like
articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs,
prepositions, and conjunctions are usually not
stressed. - Note for pragmatic reason, this rule is not
always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the
following sentences - He is driving my car.
- My mother bought me a new skirt yesterday.
36Pitch and Intonation
- The meaning of a pitch will strongly be affected
by the context in which it appears. - yes yes yes yes
yes - Fall low rise level high rise
rise fall - Agree go on bored surprise
insist - Assert impatient question
- neutral
37Intonation ?? (p. 70)
- When pitch, stress and length variations are tied
to the sentence rather than to the word, they are
collectively known as intonation. - English has two types of intonation that are most
frequently used - -- falling (matter of fact statement)
- -- rising (doubts or question)
38Examples of Intonation
He is not ?there. He is not ?there?
Your father is a teacher, isnt ? he? Your father
is a teacher, isnt ? he?
What did you put in your ?drink, ? Jane? What did
you put in your ? drink, ? Jane?
39 Tone ?? (p. 71)
- Mandarin???, Cantonese???, and Vietnamese??? are
examples of contour tone languages. - Register tone languages (predominately in Africa)
have level tones (??), usu. in just two pitch
registers high and low.