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Title: Phonetics and Phonology ??? ???


1
Phonetics and Phonology??? ???
  • Chapter 2

2
Phonetics vs. Phonology Definition
  • Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human
    languages how they are produced, transmitted and
    how they are received.
  • Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in
    a language form patterns and how these sounds are
    used to convey meaning in linguistic
    communication.
  • Distinction meaning

3
Phonetics vs. Phonology Essential Concepts
  • Phonetics
  • -- voiceless vs. voiced
  • Phonology
  • -- phoneme
  • -- suprasegmental features

4
  • Ex.
  • too ? tea ?? /t/
  • ?too??/t/?, ?????????
  • ?tea??/t/?,?????????
  • ????????/t/???????, ?????too??/u/???/i/,?????tea
    ?

5
  • Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,
    transmitted, and perceived.

6
Fields of Phonetics (p. 44)
  • Articulatory phonetics (?????)
  • -- speakers production
  • Acoustic phonetics (?????)
  • -- transmissions medium
  • Auditory phonetics (?????)
  • -- receivers reception

7
Articulation of Sounds(p.45)
  • Speech organs

8
(No Transcript)
9
Position of the vocal folds (p. 45) voiceless
(??) and voicing(??)
10
  • The distinction between vowels and consonants
    lies in the obstruction of airstream.
  • As there is no obstruction of air in the
    production of vowels, the description of the
    consonants and vowels cannot be done along the
    same lines.

11
Description of Consonants (p.53)
  • Three steps
  • -- voiced or voiceless
  • -- place of articulation
  • -- manner of articulation

12
?
?
k g
t d
p b
t? d?
? ?
s z
? ð
f v
?
n
m
l
r
j
w
13
Description of Vowels (p. 52)
1. Openness of oral cavity Close, open / Low,
mid, high
  •  

2. Tongue retraction and extension Front,
central, back
3. Lip rounding rounded, unrounded
14
  • 4. the number of vowels
  • Monophthongs
  • i, ?, u, ?, ? --long
    vowel
  • i, ?, ?, e, æ, ?, u --short
    vowel
  • Diphthongs
  • ei, ai, ?i, ??, u?, i?, au, ?u
  • Triphthongs
  • Fire fai?, hour au?, loir l?i????,
  • lower l?u?, mayor mei?m??

15
  • In each of the following pairs of words, the bold
    italicized sounds differ by one or more phonetic
    properties(features). Give the symbol for each of
    the italicized sounds, state their differences
    and, in addition, state what properties they have
    in common.
  • Example phone-phonic
  • The o in phone is mid and unrounded
  • The o in phonic is low and rounded
  • Both are back vowels.

16
  • bathbathe
  • reducereduction
  • coolcold
  • catsdogs
  • impoliteindecent

17
  • English has a number of expressions such as
    chit-chat and flip-flop which never seem to
    occur in the reverse order(i.e. chat-chit,
    flop-flip). Here are more examples of this kind
  • criss-cross hip-hop riff-raff
  • dilly-dally knick-knacks see-saw
  • ding-dong mish-mash sing-song
  • fiddle-faddle ping-pong tick-tock
  • flim-flam piter-patter zig-zag
  • Explain why the expressions never occur in the
    reverse order.

18
Explanation
  • In the ablaut reduplications, the first vowel is
    almost always a high vowel and the reduplicated
    ablaut variant of the vowel is a low vowel. There
    is also a tendency for the first vowel to be
    front and the second vowel to be back.

19
Phonology
  • Phone (p. 64) A phone is a phonetic unit or
    segment. All the speech sounds we produce are
    phones. Take the sounds in the following words
    for example feel, leaf, top, stop f i l
    s t.

20
Phonology (p. 56-8)
  • Phoneme(??) phonological and abstract unit, a
    unit of distinctive value the smallest unit of
    sound in a language which can distinguish two
    words.
  • ??
  • beat vs. seat, pig vs. peg,
  • Phonemes are usually put between two slashes /p/
    /b/ /?/ ð /

21
Allophone (p. 57)
  • Phonemes are abstract units and cannot be read
    out. Its realization in certain phonetic
    environments results in allophones, variants of
    the phoneme. Allophones are put between two
    brackets. p ph, tth, k
  • Ex.
  • -- pin phin vs. stop st?p
  • -- cape kheip vs. kick khik
  • -- bad bæd vs. bed bed

22
More Examples
scar k class kh skin c kiss ch
cocktail k? factory c?
give garden g
/g/
/k/
spit p pity ph stop talking p?
/p/
23
More examples
lead l milk
stop t top th written ? get to
t? eighth
/l/
pet e pen
/ t /
/e/
meat m comfort
/m/
24
Change the following phonemic transcriptions into
phonetic transcriptions
  • (a) /tip/
  • (b) /bin/
  • (c) /kis/
  • (d) /wik/
  • (e) /fel/
  • thip
  • bin
  • khis
  • wi k?
  • fel

25
Minimal Pairs (p. 58)
  • Minimal Pairs If two words are identical in form
    except for one sound segment that occurs in the
    same place in the string. i.e. fine vs. vine
    crick vs. creek, bowl vs. dole lobe vs. load
    thigh vs. thy
  • Minimal set beat, bit, bait, bet, bat, bite

26
Complementary Distribution (p. 64)
  • If two or more phones never occur in the same
    phonological context, they are in complementary
    distribution.
  • 1. Allophones of one phoneme
  • -- aspirated and unaspirated stops
  • 2. The velar nasal ? and the glottal glide h

27
sing / hat
tar / star
tar / car
written/written
(p. 59)
28
Distinctive Features (p. 60)?????
  • A distinctive feature is a feature which
    distinguishes one phoneme from another.

29
List features that can differentiate the
following pairs of sounds
  • /-voiced/, /voiced/
  • /nasal/, /-nasal/
  • /front//-rounded/, /-front//rounded/
  • /high/, /-high/
  • /front/, /-front/
  • /sibilant/, /-sibilant/
  • /k/, /g/
  • /n/, /l/
  • /i/, /u/
  • /i/, /e/
  • /æ/, /?/
  • /s/, /f/

30
Sequential Constraints (p. 62)
  • Explain why churchchurches, oozeoozes,
  • kisskisses, but deathdeaths, cloth--clothes
  • Sibilants ? ? s z ? ? are not allowed
    to be followed by another sibilant, but ? and
    ð arent sibilants (???).

31
Homorganic Consonants (p.63)
  • Explain why im-possible, im-moral,
  • but in-decisive, in-tangible
  • The phoneme following the negative prefix (im or
    in) must have the same place of articulation with
    n or m.
  • This constraint leads to assimilation (??) p.51
  • ?in-discrete?,n??n
  • ?in-conceivable?,n???
  • ?in-put?,n??m

32
Suprasegmental features (?????) p. 65
  • Suprasegmental features non-segmental phonemic
    features that occur above the level of the
    segments

33
Syllable ?? (p. 66)
  • step
  • /st/ /e/ p/
  • onset peak coda

Syllable (onset)?? peak??? (coda)??
syllable core
34
Word Stress (p. 67)
  • The location of stress in English distinguishes
    meaning, e.g. a shift in stress in English may
    change the part of speech of a word
  • Ex.
  • verb im5port in5crease re5bel
    re5cord
  • noun 5import 5increase 5rebel
    5record
  • Compounds have initial stress while adj. nouns
    stress the noun, eg.
  • -- hotdog a kind of food --
    White House
  • -- hot dog an overheated dog -- white
    house

35
Sentence Stress (p. 68)
  • Sentence stress----Generally, nouns, main verbs,
    adjectives, adverbs, numerals, and demonstrative
    pronouns are stressed. Other categories like
    articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs,
    prepositions, and conjunctions are usually not
    stressed.
  • Note for pragmatic reason, this rule is not
    always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the
    following sentences
  • He is driving my car.
  • My mother bought me a new skirt yesterday.

36
Pitch and Intonation
  • The meaning of a pitch will strongly be affected
    by the context in which it appears.
  • yes yes yes yes
    yes
  • Fall low rise level high rise
    rise fall
  • Agree go on bored surprise
    insist
  • Assert impatient question
  • neutral

37
Intonation ?? (p. 70)
  • When pitch, stress and length variations are tied
    to the sentence rather than to the word, they are
    collectively known as intonation.
  • English has two types of intonation that are most
    frequently used
  • -- falling (matter of fact statement)
  • -- rising (doubts or question)

38
Examples of Intonation
He is not ?there. He is not ?there?
Your father is a teacher, isnt ? he? Your father
is a teacher, isnt ? he?
What did you put in your ?drink, ? Jane? What did
you put in your ? drink, ? Jane?
39
Tone ?? (p. 71)
  • Mandarin???, Cantonese???, and Vietnamese??? are
    examples of contour tone languages.
  • Register tone languages (predominately in Africa)
    have level tones (??), usu. in just two pitch
    registers high and low.
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