Exploration and Expansion

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Exploration and Expansion

• 1400-1700

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Theme Migration and Diffusion

• European migration to the Americas marked a
  turning point in world history.
• Expeditions expanded and the diffusion of goods
  and ideas changed societies worldwide.

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Major Events

• 1419 Prince Henry supports Portuguese
  exploration
• 1488 Barholomeu Dias rounds the tip of Africa
• 1492 Columbus reaches the Americas
• 1520 Magellans ships sail around the southern
  tip of South America
• 1602 Dutch capitalists form the East India
  Company

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Make a Prediction

• What do you think happened that enabled Europeans
  to learn about and to explore distant lands?

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Voyages of Discovery

• MAIN IDEA European explorers, motivated by
  greed, curiosity and glory, sailed to previously
  unknown lands.

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The Journey

• How wide is the sea? Sailors knew the earth was
  round, but they did not realize how vast it was.
• EXAMPLE Columbus crew sailed for nearly a month
  without seeing land.

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Foundations

• The Renaissance awakened a spirit of innovation
  and discovery.
• Driven by the search for wealth
• Some wanted fame and glory
• Other explorers hoped to spread their faith

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Mnemonics Rock!

• The Three Gs
• Gold
• Glory
• God
• This mnemonic is a great way to remember the main
  motivations of the European explorers.

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Technology

• Europeans borrowed heavily from the Chinese and
  Muslims.

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Magnetic Compass

• Made it possible to find direction at sea.
  Compass tells seaman what direction is North.
• Still used today.

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Mathematical Compass

• Tool used to draw circles. These circles would
  help them during the navigation process.
• Still used today.

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Mercator Projection

• Map projections that show longitude and latitude
  as straight lines.
• Shows true directions to places.

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Hour Glass

• Used to tell time on board a ship.
• Flipped each hour or half hour depending on size.
  
• Not accurate and has been replaced.

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Chronometer

• Device to tell time on a ship.
• More accurate than the hour glass.
• Still used today.

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Astrolabe

• Measures the angles of the sun and stars above
  horizon.
• Difficult to use at sea.
• Was replaced by the sextant.

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Sextant

• Device to find latitude of ship by comparing the
  altitude of the sun or stars.
• Better than astrolabe because ship movement had
  no affect.
• Replaced in 1900s by radar.

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Latitude and Longitude

• Latitude always given first, then Longitude.
• Coordinates are listed as degrees, minutes, and
  seconds.
• Designate a specific location on Earth

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Latitude

• Gives a location in terms of North or South of
  the Equator
• Can you explain how lines of latitude can be
  different sizes?

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Longitude

• Gives location in terms of East or West of the
  Prime Meridian.
• meridians extend from pole to pole, 360
  degrees.

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Caravel

• The caravel was faster and more maneuverable.
• Older ships had square sails, caravels had
  triangular sails (easier to change direction)
• Bilge pump system enabled ship to float higher
  (less likely to run aground, easier to explore
  coasts and rivers).

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Push Factors

• Decline of Mongol Empire in 1400s made goods from
  the east harder to get, more expensive
• Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in
  1453 was a major block to trade

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Mongol Empire
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Two countries were particularly well situated to
kick off the Age of Exploration. Who thinks they
can point to them on the map?
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Prince Henry the Navigator

• Started an institute for seafaring and exploring
• Combined ship technology learned from Islam with
  new European innovations
• By the time of his death in 1460, Portuguese had
  sailed as far south as the Gold Coast of West
  Africa

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The Gold Coast
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Vasco da Gama

• Sailed to Calicut, India
• Took them ten months
• Able to trade with Muslim merchants
• Portugal became one of the wealthiest and most
  powerful nations in Europe.

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Cabral

• His crew sighted the land that became known as
  Brazil.
• He sailed out of Portugal and followed in da
  Gamas footsteps.
• Stayed to the west of the windless gulf between
  India and the horn of Africa

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Columbus

• Believed he could sail west to China
• Landed in the Caribbean
• Named the native people Indians
• Returned home with parrots, jewels, gold, plants
  and Native Americans

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Columbus 2

• He made three more voyages, still thinking he was
  in the West Indies every time.

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Vespucci

• After voyages of exploration along the coast of
  South America he concluded that this continent
  was a new land.
• Confirmed that this was not Asia

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Balboa

• Traveled through the Isthmus of Panama
• Becomes the first to see the Pacific Ocean

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Magellan

• Decided to figure out exactly how long it would
  take to cross both vast oceans
• 5 ships and 250 men
• Killed in the Philippines
• Crew continues under Juan de Elcano
• 18 crew members became the first to
  circumnavigate the world
• See primary resource

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Think-Pair-Share

• What did da Gama, Columbus, and Magellan
  accomplish?

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The Rest of Europe

• By the early 1500s, the English and French were
  exploring the northern parts of the Americas.
• Within a century, the Dutch had joined their
  efforts.

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The English

• John Cabot
• Sir Francis Drake
• Henry Hudson

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Sir Francis Drake

• The Queen sent him to round the tip of South
  America and explore the west coast
• He made it to present day California and tried to
  get back to England by going around the northern
  rim North America
• Too cold

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Sir Francis Drake

• Becomes the second man to circumnavigate the globe

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Henry Hudson

• 1607 tried to find a Northeast Passage around
  Europe
• Also explored the area of present day New York

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• Northwest passage has finally been mapped.
• Often ice covered and not the best for shipping.

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The French
Statue in present day Montreal, Canada

• Jacques Cartier Tried to find a Northwest
  Passage through the Americas
• Sailed past Newfoundland and into the St.
  Lawrence river
• Called the area New France
• Present day Canada

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The Dutch

• Henry Hudson sailed again for the Dutch and
  continued trying to find a Northwest Passage
  through the Americas.

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The Netherlands
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Discuss the Main Idea?

• What did the English, French, and Dutch explorers
  hope to find?

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Summary

• Please write a paragraph that responds to this
  statement
• The Age of Exploration could not have occurred
  without the Renaissance.
• Please support your answer with specific examples.