Vocabulary

1
UNIT 9

• Vocabulary
• Types of pollution
• Environmental effects
• Waste disposal
• Recycling
• Grammar and functions
• Expressing degree
• Expressing opinion
• Revision of the grammar structures

2
LISTENING

• 1-Environmental pollution is the CONTAMINATION OF
  THE AIR, LAND AND WATER CAUSED BY HUMAN PRODUCTS.
• 2-a) CHEMICALS RELEASED BY INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
• b) EXHAUST FROM GASOLINE-POWERED VEHICLES LIKE
  AUTOMOBILES,
• c) REFUSE AND GASES EMITTED BY FACTORIES,
• d) sewage and GARBAGE DISPOSED OF BY CITIES,
• e) PESTICIDES USED IN AGRICULTURE.
• 3- THE AMOUNT OF RELEASED POLLUTANTS.
• 4- a) CONSERVATION EFFORTS, SUCH AS RECYCLING
• b) NEW TECHNOLOGIES ALLOW INDUSTRY TO RELEASE
  FEWER POLLUTANTS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
• 5- GLOBAL WARMING - THE HEATING OF THE EARTHS
  ATMOSPHERE AS A RESULT OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT .

3
VOCABULARY

1. EXHAUST (FUMES)
2. OZONE LAYER
3. GLOBAL WARMING
4. THROW AWAY
5. BOTTLE BANK (RECYCLING CONTAINERS or BINS)
6. USING UP
7. HABITATS
8. NATURAL FOODS
9. ACID RAIN
10. WASTING
11. WASTE
12. CUTTING DOWN

4
TRANSLATION

• Industrial and domestic pollution HAVE/HAS
  RISEN/INCREASED IN THE LAST 50 YEARS.
• Industrial air pollution includes the so-called
  greenhouse gases, LIKE/SUCH AS CARBON DIOXIDE
  and CFCs .
• BESIDES/IN ADDITION TO THESE GASES, we must not
  forget sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides,
• WHICH RESULT IN/GIVE RISE TO ACID RAIN.
• The largest single cause of industrial air
  pollution is the electricity industry, AS/SINCE
  ALL FOSSIL FUELS PRODUCE, AT LEAST, CARBON
  DIOXIDE.
• NEW TECHNOLOGIES ARE BEING APPLIED in a few
  places in order to minimize the effect of
  dangerous gas emissions,
• but these technologies are still very expensive
  and WOULD MAKE/CAUSE THE PRICE OF ELECTRICITY
  Ø/TO RISE/INCREASE .
• Air pollution CAN ALSO BE DUE TO industrial
  accidents.

5
TRANSLATION

• Two important causes of water pollution are ACID
  RAIN AND THERMAL POLLUTION.
• Land pollution . . IT ALSO TAKES
  PLACE/HAPPENS/OCCURS WHEN THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE is
  buried or ..
• Usually, , AS WE HAVE SEEN, ,
• and UNLESS WE CONTRIBUTE to reduce global
  pollution AS MUCH AS WE CAN.

6
VIDEO TYPES OF POLLUTIONAir pollution
145-220

1. Main causes TOXIC GASES EXHAUSTS THAT ARE LED
   OUT INTO THE AIR
2. Produced by
3. INDUSTRIES
4. VOLCANOS
5. JET PLANES
6. AUTOMOBILES
7. FOREST FIRES
8. BURNING OF GARBAGE
9. Consequences CONTAIN MANY HARMFUL GASES THAT
   CAUSE
10. DISEASES IN HUMAN BEINGS
11. DESTRUCTION OF VEGETATION
12. DAMAGE TO THE STRUCTURES ON EARTH
13. CAN ALSO FORM ACID RAIN

7
VIDEO TYPES OF POLLUTIONWater pollution
220-255

• Main causes EFFLUENTS LED INTO WATER BODIES
  FROM
• INDUSTRIES
• SEWAGE FROM TOWNS CITIES
• WASHING CLOTHES CATTLE IN WATER BODIES
• RESIDUES OF FERTILIZERS PESTICIDES CARRIED INTO
  WATER BODIES DURING RAIN
• The list of pollutants can be quite long
• OIL SPILL IN THE OCEANS HARMS MARINE LIFE

8
VIDEO TYPES OF POLLUTIONLand pollution
255-422

• Main sources HEAPS OF SOLID WASTE FROM
• HOUSES, CATTLE SHEDS, INDUSTRIES, AGRICULTURAL
  FIELDS
• It includes
• HAZARDOUS WASTE
• GLASS
• FRUIT VEGETABLE WASTE
• DEAD BODIES OF ANIMALS
• OLD CLOTHES, PAPER, PLASTIC BOTTLES, CANS
• EXCRETA, CHEMICALS, WOOD PIECES
• Consequences
• THE HEAPS OF SOLID WASTE PROVIDE BREEDING GROUND
  FOR GERMS
• IN ADDITION TO SPOILING THE BEAUTY AND
  SURROUNDINGS THEY EMIT FOUL SMELL
• Solutions CONTROLLING LAND POLLUTION. WASTE
  DISPOSAL DONE CAREFULLY SCIENTIFICALLY. IT
  DEPENDS ON THE KIND OF SOLID WASTE
• CONSTRUCTING MATERIAL IS BURIED IN LAND FILLS
• PLASTIC, TIN CANS, METAL SCRAP, PAPER MUST BE
  RECYCLED
• PLANT HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC MATERIAL SHOULD BE
  TURNED INTO MANURE
• BIOGAS CAN BE OBTAINED FROM BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
• WASTE FROM HOSPITAL NURSING HOMES SHOULD BE
  BURNT IN INCINERATORS

9
VIDEO TYPES OF POLLUTION

• Soil pollution 420-457
• Difference with air pollution LOCALIZED
  PHENOMENON (AIR WATER POLLUTION SPREADS TO LONG
  DISTANCES)
• The two main reasons for soil pollution are
• POLLUTANTS WASHED DOWN FROM THE ATMOSPHERE
  BECAUSE OF RAIN
• INSECTICIDES AND PESTICIDES APPLIED TO THE CROPS
• THIS ALTER THE COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF THE
  SOIL
• Noise pollution 457-600
• What is noise? ANY UNWANTED SOUND
• Unit of measurement DECIBEL (DB)
• Examples THE LOWEST SOUND 1 db, A ROCKET
  TAKING OFF 180 db. NORMAL TALK 60db
• Consequences PRODUCE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HUMAN
  BEINGS OTHER ANIMAL LIFE
• Which two aspects of noise are injurious for
  health? LOUDNESS and DURATION OF NOISE
• Other consequences ACUTE DAMAGE TO THE EAR
  DRUM, DEAFNESS, LOWERS EFFICIENCY OF WORK,
  DISTURBS SLEEP, IRRABILITY
• Thermal pollution 600-625
• What is thermal pollution? RELEASE OF HEATED
  GASES OR WATER REPEATEDLY INTO THE ENVIRONMENT,
  INCLUDING WATER BODIES
• Consequences
• IF RELEASED IN THE ATMOSPHERE THEY WARM UP THE
  AIR IN THAT AREA
• IF RELEASED IN WATER BODIES THEY KILL THE AQUATIC
  LIFE

10
LISTENING GREENHOUSE EFFECT

1. A greenhouse is a building whose sides and roof
   are made of glass so that the temperature inside
   is magnified. And it is used to grow plants that
   need high temperatures.
2. These changes result from increasing the carbon
   dioxide levels in the atmosphere, thus raising
   the surface temperature of the earth. And this is
   known as the Greenhouse Effect.
3. since 1860, with a sharp increase since 1958.
4. The main reason is the burning of fossil fuels.
5. by about 15 -from about 290 to about 340 parts
   per million.
6. about 0.032

11
LISTENING GREENHOUSE EFFECT

1. incoming sunlight consists of many wavelengths,
   including some very dangerous ones.
2. But ozone, water vapour and CO2 destroy the
   harmful wavelengths. So what reaches the earth is
   visible light. It is absorbed and reradiated into
   the atmosphere as longer wavelength infrared (IR)
   radiation, or heat, as the earth cools.
3. This IR radiation is absorbed by CO2.
4. The CO2 then radiates a portion of the absorbed
   heat energy back to the earth, to warm the
   atmosphere.
5. Like the glass in a greenhouse, the CO2 in the
   atmosphere acts as a one-way filter that allows
   visible light to enter the Earths atmosphere,
   but prevents longer wavelength heat radiation
   from leaving.
6. Assuming that energy is arriving from the sun at
   a constant rate, then as the level of CO2
   increases, the average surface temperature of the
   Earth should rise.
7. in 1863, but it was taken as a serious matter in
   1956.
8. a projected increase in CO2 to 375 parts per
   million in the year 2000 could cause the average
   air temperature to increase by about 0.5ºC.

12
LISTENING WASTE DISPOSAL

• Which are the 4 main sources of waste? MINES
  (39), AGRICULTURE (53), INDUSTRY (2), DOMESTIC
  HOMES / WASTE (6)
• Where does it go?
• OPEN DUMPS (55)
• NOT COLLECTED OR DISPOSED OF (23) LEFT ON THE
  SPOT
• LAND-FILL METHOD (12) BURIED IN THE GROUND
• BURNT (9)
• DUMPED TO SEA (1)
• DOMESTIC WASTE (RUBBISH, GARBAGE)
• Open dumps advantages EASY TO OPERATE and THE
  CHEAPEST OF THE 3
• disadvantages
  unsightly, CAUSE AIR POLLUTION WHEN RUBBISH IS
  BURNT, SMELL, MATERIALS LAND ARE WASTED and
  they can contaminate ...
• Land fill advantages CHEAP, NO OBJECTABLE
  SMELLS OR PESTS, and when the landfill is
  completed LAND MORE USEFUL THAN BEFORE (e.g.
  sports field or park)
• Disadvantages WASTE MATERIALS and USES A
  LARGE AREA OF LAND .
• Incineration (i.e. BURNING) Advantages about
  80 OF DOMESTIC RUBBISH and REDUCE ITS VOLUME BY
  90 it requires VERY LITTLE LAND and it produces
  INCOME FROM THE RECOVERY OF WASTE METAL GLASS
• Disadvantages EXPENSIVE TO BUILD AN
  INCINERATION PLANT and CAUSES AIR POLLUTION
  unless sophisticated pollution controls are
  installed.

13
TRANSLATION RESOURCE RECOVERY

• Numerous thermal processes recover energy IN
  DIFFERENT WAYS FROM SOLID WASTE.
• THESE SYSTEMS/METHODS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO
  GROUPS combustion processes and pyrolysis
  processes.
• A number of companies burn in-plant wastes in
  conventional incinerators INORDER TO
  PRODUCE/GENERATE STEAM
• THE WATER FLOWING through the tubes ALLOWS THE
  HEAT GENERATED IN THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER TO BE
  ABSORBED AND GENERATE STEAM.
• Pyrolysis CONSISTS OF DECOMPOSING CHEMICALLY
  SOLID WASTE by heat in an oxygen-reduced
  atmosphere.
• THIS RESULTS IN A GAS THAT CONTAINS various
  gases, DEPENDING ON THE ORGANIC CHARACTERISTICS
  OF THE LYROLIZED MATERIAL
• IF USERS SEPARATED THEIR RUBBISH A LARGER AMOUNT
  OF WASTE COULD BE RECYCLED and that would
  improve life in our planet
• since THE GREATER THE RECYCLED VOLUME ,THE
  LONGER OUR NATURAL RESOURCES WILL LAST

14
DEGREE

• Quantity all/every/each mostmany/much some,
  several (a) few/(a) little no/none/not any
• Frequency always Highly, usual(ly), normal(ly),
  general(ly) often, frequent(ly) sometimes,
  occasional(ly) rare(ly), seldom, hardly ever,
  scarcely ever never
• Certainty certain(ly),undoubtedly, absolutely
  probably, likely possibly,perhaps,maybe
  Uncertain,unlikely certain(ly) not, definite(ly)
  not
• Verbs will, is/are,must,have to should, ought
  to can,could,may,might could not, will not,
  cannot, is/are not

15
EXERCISE DEGREE A

• Nobody else ate it.
• b.-Only he ate a bit of bread.
• I want your sincere opinion.
• a.-Honestly, do you think he will get it?
• To tell you the truth, she doesnt feel like
  talking.
• a.-Frankly, she doesnt want to talk about that.
• We dont want them to repeat the same action so
  many times.
• b.-We have told them not to do that often
• Nobody else said they were going to write.
• b.-Only Mary promised to write once a month.
• I dont like them at all.
• b.-I really dont like his parents.
• Was he late?
• a.-Has he come late?
• Dont do anything else.
• a.-Just wait here.
• She isnt going to write more plays.
• a.-This is her last play.
• It was a long letter

16
EXERCISE DEGREE B

• 1 We installed a complete new system
• We installed a completely new system
• 2 It was a really enjoyable film
• It was a real enjoyable film
• 3 The product is full guaranteed for a year
• The product is fully guaranteed for a year
• 4 The new car was a closely guarded secret
• The new car was a close guarded secret
• 5 He's a highly paid executive
• He's a high paid executive

17
EXERCISE DEGREE C

• He's a HIGHLY qualified engineer
• It was a POORLY/ BADLY written report and it
  needed a lot of corrections
• They were VERY/ GREATLY/ HIGHLY / LARGELY
  impressed by the new product. It wasn't bad at
  all
• It is a HIGHLY / VERY sophisticated system
• It is a POORLY/ BADLY structured report and
  difficult to understand (opposite WELL)
• The prototype was POORLY/ BADLY/ ILL designed and
  they had to go back to the drawing board

18
EXERCISE DEGREE D

• The normal procedure is to approach the design
  department
• The exceptionalLY high price reflects the quality
  of the product

19
POSITION OF ADVERBS

• at the beginning of a sentence
• Unfortunately, recycling plastics has proved
  difficult.
• Electric motors are based on electromagnetism.
  Similarly, generators use electromagnetism to
  produce electricity
•  at the end of a sentence
• Harmful waste should be separated and treated
  carefully
• All biological waste must be disposed of safely
• Most frequently in the middle of a sentence
  (FREQUENCY, DEGREE,) (after TO BE, before OTHER
  VERBS)
• recycling centers do not often recycle plastic
  grocery bags
• e-waste recycling is an industry that hardly
  existed ten years ago
• Ferrous metal scrap is usually sent to a local
  steel mill for recycling
• residues sent for recycling do not always
  necessarily contain metals
• DEGREE ADV/ADJ BEFORE AN ADJECTIVE/NOUN
• Many other countries have significantly better
  glass recycling rates

20
ORDER OF ADVERBS

1. Our friends must also write a test.
2. I was only joking.
3. Did you both enjoy the flight?
4. Mary hardly ever watches TV.
5. He drives his car carefully
6. The children play football in the garden
7. Yesterday we went to the cinema yesterday
8. John almost fell off the bike.
9. Her boyfriend will probably buy her some
   flowers.
10. My uncle is definitely moving to Stockholm soon.

21
COMMON ADVERBS OF DEGREE

• POSITION before ADJ/ADV or main VB
• Significantly, mostly, greatly, strongly,
  substantially, dramatically ,hardly, scarcely
• This allows the weight of the system to be
  significantly reduced
• The data are mostly recorded digitally
• Double-shafted systems have been greatly improved
  by the use of new materials
• This design scarcely requires any further
  machining steps
• The new systems are highly efficient
• We installed a completely new system
• Likely/unlikely
• New sites for wind farms are likely to be mostly
  offshore
• Helium turbines are unlikely to appear earlier
  than 20 years from now

22
ADVERBS- position

1. Plant and animal life can be greatly affected by
   global warming
2. Supercharger engines achieve extremely high
   performance
3. Lignites energy content is rather low
4. Wind power is likely to be the most widely used
   renewable energy source in the future
5. Stacked solar cells significantly increase the
   efficiency of solar cells
6. With a better control of CO2 emissions global
   warming would never have increased
7. Organic waste material is scarcely reused
8. The efficiency of solar towers would be
   dramatically improved if hot air could be used to
   drive a gas turbine
9. greenhouse gas emissions scarcely changed between
   1990 and 2010
10. recycling materials rarely possess the required
    quality

23
EXPRESSING OPINION

• AGREEING

• DISAGREEING

• In my opinion
• Personally, I think that
• I'd suggest that
• I (strongly)believe that
• I'm convinced that...
• As far as I'm concerned
• I'd like to point out that
• What I mean is
• I'm pretty sure that
• I agree with you on this point
• SO DO I

• However / On the contrary
• Yes, but don't you think
• I'm afraid I have to disagree.
• Don't you think it would be better...
• I don't agree with ..
• That's not entirely true because .
• I don't think that...
• The problem with that point of view is that...
• NEITHER DO I

24
VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING

• Which are the characteristics of Aluminium?
  LIGHT, DURABLE, THE MOST WIDELY USED NON FERROUS
  METAL
• How much was recycled in Devon last year? 660
  TONNES OF ALUMNIUM CANS
• Where is Aluminium collected from? KERBSIDE
  BINS, BOXES, BAGS, RECYCLING BANKS
• EXPLAIN THE STEPS OF ALUMNIUM RECYCLING
• AFTER THE CANS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED, THEY ARE
  TAKEN TO A RECYCLING DEPOT
• IN ORDER TO SEPARATE STEEL CANS FROM ALUMNIUM, A
  GIANT MAGNET IS USED TO REMOVE STEEL
• ALUMNIUM IS THEN CRUSHED AND BALED
• THE ALUMNIUM IS THEN SENT TO A REPROCESSING
  COMPANY
• IT IS SHREDDED INTO BITS THE SIZE OF A TEN-PENCE
  PIECE
• THE SHREDS ARE PASSED THROUGH A DOUBLE MAGNETIC
  DRUM SEPARATOR TO REMOVE STEEL CONTAMINATES THAT
  MAY HAVE BEEN MISSED

25
VIDEO- STORY OF ALUMINIUM RECYCLING

• BEFORE THE CANS CAN BE MELTED, THEY NEED TO BE
  DE-COATED OF THE VARNISH LACQUER WHICH IS USED
  DURING MANUFACTURING TO PROTECT THE CANS
• THIS IS REMVED BY BLOWING HOT AIR THROUGH THE
  SHREDS
• THE HOT, DE-COATED CANS CAN THEN BE FED INT A
  HUGE 90 TONNE FURNACE TO BE MELTED
• NEXT THE MOLTEN METAL IS CAST INTO INGOTS. THIS
  IS ACHIEVED BY TILTING THE FURNACE AND POURING
  THE MOLTEN METAL INTO A CASTING UNIT
• AFTER BEING CAST AND CHILLED, THE ALUMNIUM INGOTS
  ARE CUT SQUARE AND SENT OFF TO THE MILL, WHERE
  THEY ARE ROLLED OUT INTO SHEETS
• THE SHEET ALUMINIUM IS SOLD ONTO MANUFACTURERS
  FOR A RANGE OF USES
• Give examples of use of recycled aluminium
• CAR PARTS, SUCH AS ALLOY WHEELS, BIKES, PACKAGING
  (eg FOIL CANS), CONSTRUCTION PARTS, HOUSEHOLD
  APPLIANCES

26
ALUMINIUM RECYCLING- REORDER

• 1 Aluminum cans are gathered from recycling
  centers
• 6 They are sent to a scrap processing company
  where they are collected into large bales.
• 3 The bales are then sent to an aluminum company
  where the cans are shredded, crushed, stripped
  and burned
• 7 They are then sent into a furnace where they
  are melted with new, untouched aluminum and the
  two are melted together.
• 5 The new aluminum is then poured out into
  sheets, and cut down into sheets 1/100th of an
  inch thick.
• 2 The aluminum then cools, and is coiled up into
  large rolls and sent to can makers.
• 4 The can makers then mold the aluminum into can
  shapes, and send them off to soda makers to
  bottle their beverage.

27
VOCABULARY

• ENVIRONMENTAL H_________ (great danger or risk)
• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD (ADJ HAZARDOUS)
• WASTE D _________ (or waste management)
• WASTE DISPOSAL
• To DISPOSE _________ (preposition)
• To DISPOSE OF
• UNTREATED S _________ (waste water)
• UNTREATED SEWAGE
• REFUSE GA ______, TR _____, R _____ L ______
  (4 synonyms)
• REFUSE GARBAGE, TRASH, RUBBISH LITTER
• OIL S _________ (accidental release of oil in the
  sea)
• OIL SPILL
• DEMAND _________ OIL (preposition)
• DEMAND FOR OIL
• NATURAL R _________ (natural materials)
• NATURAL RESOURCES

28
VOCABULARY

• ENERGY CON________ ( use)
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• THE OZONE L ________
• THE OZONE LAYER
• POLAR ICE C ________
• POLAR ICE CAPS
• OPEN D ________ (site to dispose of urban waste)
• OPEN DUMP
• To BE AWARE ________ (preposition)
• To BE AWARE OF
• TH ________ menace, peril
• THREAT (VB THREATEN)
• TO RUN ________ (to end)
• TO RUN OUT

29
VOCABULARY

• TO BE A______ OF (to be concern about)
• TO BE AWARE OF ( N AWARENESS)
• METAL RE ______ (recuperacion de metales)
• METAL RECOVERY
• E ______ FUMES (from cars)
• EXHAUST FUMES
• ENV ______ FR ______ PRODUCTS (green)
• ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PRODUCTS
• POL ______ (contaminating substances)
• POLLUTANTS
• TREES ARE D _____ and SOME ARE already D _____
  DUE TO ACID RAIN (morir)
• TREES ARE DYING and SOME ARE already DEAD (N
  DEATH)

30
VOCABULARY

• REC________ ( reuse)
• RECYCLING
• Industries R_______ gases to the atmosphere ( to
  emit gases)
• To RELEASE gases
• TO BE CONCERNED ________ (preposition)
• TO BE CONCERNED ABOUT
• PRO ________ ( manufacturers)
• PRODUCERS
• To CARE ________ (preposition)
• To CARE ABOUT
• UN ________ HY ________ (hidrocarburos sin
  quemar)
• UNBURNT HYDROCARBONS
• CHRISTMAS C ________ (Xmas song)
• CHRISTMAS CAROL