The Second Arab Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction

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The Second Arab Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction Study on Hot-spots in Selected
Disaster- Induced Displaced Communities in Egypt
Dr. Magdy Alaam
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Areas That Are Vulnerable to drought Hazard

• The region is subject to frequent agriculture
  (soil moisture) droughts and rain fed crops are
  strongly affected by precipitation fluctuations
  mainly in the areas were annual rainfall range
  between 120/150 400 mm, they are considered
  moderately to sever vulnerable areas to drought
  figure (3.9) (Erian et al, 2006) .

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Area of the Study

• Area Map

• The study was carried out in area to the end of
  irrigation network to the north of the Delta that
  called Sugar Beet Zone and El Hamam SBZ. The
  studied area is located to the west of Maryut
  area
• between longitudes 30º 57 00 N and 30º 41
  00 N and latitudes 29º 55 00 E and 29º 25
  00 E, as shows in the associated map.

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• Area and Geography
• The coastal zone west of Alexandria shows a
  succession of at least five limestone ridges at
  varying distances from each other, but all
  parallel to the present coastal line.
• According to (ULG, 19793) the most striking
  structural feature is the series of ridges and
  troughs, which run across the studied area.
  Essentially the geological section can be
  described as follows
• Recent and Holocene Aeolian sand and fluviatile
  loam. Most noticeable in the southern part of the
  area. Late Pleistocene Lagoonal clays sometimes
  gypsiferous sometimes with sand. Generally found
  throughout the area although absent at high
  elevations such as the Alum Shaltut Ridge. They
  have been formed during a succession of high and
  low sea levels.
• Pleistocene Deltaic sands and gravels sometimes
  with clay beds. The limestone ridges were formed
  during this period and were probably marine
  coastal beach ridges formed by successive high
  sea levels.
• Pliocene Marine grey clays sometimes with
  calcareous sandstone beds. These are found
  throughout the area at varying depth.

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Major community Challenges

• The surveyed communities faces complex impacts
  of drought which were extended at many economic
  sectors, as water is essential to households
  ability to produce goods and provide services.
  The drought impacts were directly and indirectly
  affected the communities at economic,
  environmental and social level.
• Shortage of water supplies comes through Toraa El
  Nasr and inadequate and poorly distributed
  rainfall lead to reduced crop production and
  Livestock. Usually, livestock sales act as a
  buffer in times of hardship, by selling these
  assets to purchase food and other families
  commitments.
• Farmers information about climate change events
  and its impacts on agriculture is limited.
  Increase in temperature lead to change in whit
  sowing dates by two weeks. Hence, limited
  knowledge, led farmers to continue white sowing
  as old routine which decreased the harvest.

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• Lacks of harvest machinery, to speed up
  harvesting process and increase productivity.
  Left out residuals could be assorted with soil to
  increase its fertility. Currently, farmers get
  rid of residuals by burning, harming the bio
  content of cultivation soil.
• Farmers are facing difficulties in marketing
  summer crops, such as tomato and watermelon.
  While they dont have same problem with whit
  marketing, as the department of agriculture
  provide him with needed support in marketing it,
  as a strategic product.
• The area is realizing shortages in modern storage
  facilities for different crops, especially whit
  and maize.
• Farmers facing annoy complications in procurement
  of fertilizers, especially after assigning
  fertilizers disruptions to the general
  association instead of Agriculture Bank.
• Shortage in water quantities supplied via Toraa
  El Nassr, associated with lake of monitoring and
  controlling water embezzlement. Water is rarely
  reach water canal ends, especially sub-canal 15.
  This accompanied with shortage of rain fall
  quantities.

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• Unregularly maintenance of water canals along
  with augmented quantities of municipal and
  agriculture waste on water canals edges and
  nearby residential areas.
• The area is lacks vocational and after middle
  education
• Truncated health care services
• Deteriorated roads conditions

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Communities Awareness of Climate Change and its
Impact

• The present survey reflects that in general
  population in surveyed communities is aware about
  global climate change. The sources of information
  are usually non-scientific materials. The
  awareness regarding important agencies and
  protocol in the field of climate change was found
  to be poor. A majority of respondents support
  personal measures for mitigating climate change.
• However, t?he levels of the area climate change
  awareness are still low amongst surveyed
  communities. This does not imply that the effects
  are not felt the impacts are evident, but the
  link between lifestyle and climate change needs
  to be better interpreted to enable effective
  adoption of related approaches to adapt to the
  effects.
• There is need to conduct large survey to generate
  information. Proposed survey will form the basis
  to establish a foundation for decision makers for
  climate change mitigation activities. It is also
  recommended that awareness campaigns/programs
  regarding climate change and measures to combat
  to be introduced for better awareness.

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Current Laws and Institutional Polices Compass

• Laws
• Law 4, 1994 and its modifications (law 9 for
  2009)
• Agriculture law
• Law 48/1982 for water resources and irrigation
• Law 93 for waste water
• Housing and municipality law 275 273
• Local administration law for 1976
• Marine and ports law
• Fisheries and linked resources law
• Mineral resources and quarries
• Industry law
•  
• Polices
• Development Plans, 2000-2005,2005-2010, 2010-2015
• Environmental Plans, 2000-2005,2005-2010,
  2010-2013
• Natural Environmental Strategies 1986, 1992, 2000
  and 2012

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Organization Structure of Climate Change Central
Department, EEAA

• National Committee for Climate Change, To
  coordinate between different ministries
• Disaster Committee affiliated to Ministries
  Cabinet.

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Preparedness for Crisis

• Economic Preparation
• Increase funding to expand current programs
  focusing on improved conservation and efficiency
  techniques and capital investment for all water
  use sectors.
• Provide incentives and programs to facilitate the
  rapid transfer of new knowledge and technologies
  to assist farmers in adapting to climate change.
• Additional Comments include the following
• Evaluate Options to meet water demand
  (considering potential climate change effects).
• Fund the drought preparedness and emergency water
  supply projects accounts and modify the
  utilization requirements.
• Create appropriate national drought management
  strategies that account for evolving drought
  risks.

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• Health Preparation
• Traditional Treatments
• Health Care Units
• Referral Hospitals
• Private Clinics and Pharmacies
• Availability of Health Staff
• Health Awareness

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• Social Preparation
• It is important to draw on existing risk
  assessments, help agree coordinated action share
  important information about which climate impacts
  and parts of the system should be prioritized for
  adaptation and raise awareness across social care
  sector. Agree actions to take forward drawing on
  cost benefit analysis.
•  In doing so, assess predicted impacts on
  vulnerable people, services, models of care and
  local infrastructures. Develop plans or actions
  that are embedded in the climate change and link
  to wider drought and control measures.
• Checklist of a good social preparation
  plan 
• Embedded in national climate change adaptation
  strategies and plans
• Developed in partnership with Local Authority and
  other stakeholders
• Mechanism for review and updating
• Consider the following aspects as a minimum
• - Infrastructure including buildings,
  transportation, supplies and supply chains, -
  Resource use, scarcity and continuity including
  energy, food and water
• It is also important to mapping future risks of
  climate change in the area and its surrounds,
  social and community impacts including vulnerable
  communities and potential migration

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• Institutional/ Administrative Enhancement
• Support greater role for institutional
  partnerships in facilitating adaptation  
• Enhance local institutional capacities.
• Understand local institutional articulation and
  access patterns before providing resource support
  
• Improve institutional coordination across scales
• Implement an adaptive perspective on
  institutional development

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Recommendations

• Communities Recommendations
• Consider the area as a hot-spot zone to monitor
  drought phenomenon and establish drought
  monitoring station at the area.
• Train agricultural climate laboratory staff,
  remote sensing section at agriculture research
  center and desert research center staff, to
  establish, support and develop processes to
  monitor impacts of drought on agriculture and
  production stability over times.
• Essential needs to establish integrated
  sanitation system for the area. Although, the
  area in not integrated in the national agency for
  bootable water and sanitation plan tell 2018, the
  current situation requires special attention.
• Demand to promote collective pre contracted
  marketing of crops.
• Establish adequate storage facilities for whit
  and maze in the area

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• Introduce solar energy techniques for power
  supply and heating and to provide support to
  enhance usage of renewable energy techniques in
  new land reclamation areas
• Plantation of green built surrounds the area for
  protection of desertification.
• Establish new and independent administrative
  system to secure area stability and problem
  immediate solving, could be a central
  modernization directorate, within the Ministry of
  Agriculture.

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Team Recommendations

• Prepare agriculture drought maps based on
  satellites images at locations level and land
  degradation maps (1-250m) as well as, study SPEI
  standardized indicator to monitor rain falls and
  evaporation exertions to identify drought
  mitigation scheme at threatened spots.
• Implement a comprehensive socio-economic survey
  to evaluate stability level and community
  capability that affect integrated development of
  the area. As well as, putting stability
  indicators in cooperation with research agencies
  affiliated to Ministry of Agriculture, as well
  as other reputable research centers and in
  cooperation with AKSAD
• Establish political commitment includes,
  appropriate governmental entities, and strong
  scientific institutions, for integrating drought
  risk issues into a sustainable development and
  disaster risk reduction process.
• A bottom-up approach with community
  participation, both in decision making and
  implementation, is essential to move from
  policies to practices.

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• Design and implement a capacity building and
  knowledge development program to help build
  commitment, competent institutions, and informed
  population.
• Institutional enhancement, capabilities and
  coordination of governmental entities and
  departments concerned with climate change and
  disaster reduction.
• Establish a clear set of principles and operating
  guidelines to govern the management of drought
  and its impacts as well as to develop a
  preparedness plan that lays out a strategy to
  achieve these objectives. Policies and plans
  should emphasize mitigation and preparedness
  rather than relying solely on drought relief.
• Establish drought monitoring, risk assessment,
  and the identification of appropriate risk
  reduction measures mechanisms.
• Develop a sound long-term investment in
  mitigation and preparedness measures to reduce
  the effects of drought.

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• Develop appropriate procedures for disseminating
  early warnings of climate change and its
  potential impact.
• Develop and implement awareness campaign to
  disseminate climate change challenges, impact and
  appropriate mitigation instruments. While, policy
  makers and practitioners are tasked with
  improving ways to formulate messages that are
  "newsworthy" and attract the media.
• Government should develop a contingency plan and
  mobilize financial resources for the potential
  permanent replacement of severely affected
  communities, mainly most resource-poor,
  small-scale farmers and poorer households.