THE CELL/THE CITY

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THE CELL
Biology is the study of
. Remember the 7 Characteristics of Life?
LIFE!
CELLS
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS
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THE CELL/THE CITY

• Firsta little history.
• A long long time agoat the time of Aristotle
  (4th Century BC),
• people (including scientists) believed in
  something called
  Spontaneous Generation
• Simple living organisms could arise by
  SPONTANEOUS GENERATION. This was the idea that
  non-living objects can give rise to living
  organisms.
• It was common knowledge that simple organisms
  like worms, beetles, frogs, and salamanders could
  come from dust, mud, etc., and food left out.

BUT THEY WERE WRONG!
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THE STORY OF THE CELL
Because they were wrong, we need a story to
clarify and explain the truth. Once upon a time
a long time ago the microscope was invented.
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HANS AND SON

• Sometime about the year 1590
• 2 Dutch spectacle makers, Zaccharias and Hans
  Janssen started experimenting with these lenses.
  
• They put several lenses in a tube and made a very
  important discovery.
• The object near the end of the tube appeared to
  be greatly enlarged, much larger than any simple
  magnifying glass could achieve by itself!
• They had just invented the compound microscope

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Galileo

• Galileo heard of their experiments and started
  experimenting on his own.
• He described the principles of lenses and light
  rays and made improvements
• He added a focusing device to his microscope and
  went on to explore the heavens with his
  telescopes.

1592
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Anton von Leeuwenhook

• Became very interested in lenses while working in
  a store.
• He made rounded lenses which produced greater
  magnification, and his microscopes were able to
  magnify up to 270X
• He became more involved in science and with his
  new improved microscope was able to see things
  that no man had ever seen before.

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Anthony Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) has since been
called the "Father of Microscopy".
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Story of Robert Hooke(1665)

• Hooke discovered plant cells
• He coined the term "cells" the boxlike cells of
  cork reminded him of the cells of a monastery.
• Hooke also reported seeing similar structures in
  wood and in other plants.

Robert Hooke's sketches of cork cells.
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The Sad Story of Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de
Monet Chevalier de Lamarck(1809)

• We will just call him Lamarck
• Lamarck Lamarcked that no body can have life
  if its constituent parts are not cellular tissue
  or are not formed by cellular tissue.
• Lamarck's scientific theories were ignored and
  attacked during his lifetime.

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Story of other Scientists

• 1838 Schleiden- observed that all plants seemed
  to be composed of cells
• 1839 Schwaan- stated that all living things are
  composed of cells.
• 1858 Virchow- stated that every cell comes from a
  cell".

(THINK Schliding down the tree)
(THINK Schwans are beautiful birds)
(THINK Give pregnant dog virchow)
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ACTIVITY
First come up with 4 phrases to try to remember
the discoveries of these men.
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The ending to of all thisThe Cell Theory

• ALL CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS
• THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS

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LET'S REVIEW
PERSON GETS CREDITED WITH
Leeuwenhoek
Hooke
Lamarck
Schwaan
Schleiden
Microscope
Found plant/cork cells and can up with term
cells
All life is made of cells
Animals have cells
Plants have cells
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Highly magnified view (2000x) of human pus
showing white blood cells (called neutrophils)
with deeply-lobed purple nuclei.
A culture of rod-shaped anthrax bacteria
(Bacillus anthracis). Some of the bacteria have
divided by fission (red arrow).
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The Biggest cell

• By volume An ostrich egg
• An average egg weighs about three pounds (1.4 kg)
• Roughly equivalent to about two dozen chicken
  eggs.
• It would take approximately 40 minutes to
  hard-boil an ostrich egg.

• By length nerve cells
• Nerve cells from the spinal cord of a large
  mammal may be nearly two feet (0.6 m) in length.

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Cell Size is Restricted

• Most cells are small
• Simple geometry more than anything else
• Relationship between surface area to volume.

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PARTS OF THE CELL
For now think of the cell as an independently
functioning unit of life. In order to perform
the many specific tasks there must be many
specific parts. So we will come up with an
ANALOGY- The Cell as the City.
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• THE CELL THE CITY
• Cell membrane is like the _________________
  because it determines what comes in and of the
  cell/city
• The nucleus is like __________- a storage site
  for all the cells information.
• The cytoplasm is like the __________________ in
  the city. They are the substances in the cell
  that carry oxygen, proteins, carbs, and other
  substances.
• The mitochondria is like a _____________. This
  is where nutrients are converted into usable
  cellular energy.
• Ribosomes are the site where protein is put
  together. Like the __________ oF a city.

City limits, borders
City hall
Land, air, and water
Power plant
factories
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• Endoplasmic reticulum are like ___________________
  ________ because they are where the proteins,
  lipids, and carbohydrates (3 of the big 4) are
  processed
• Golgi apparatus are like the _____________________
  . They are the parts that modify and package up
  the cellular materials before being excreted out
  of the cell.
• Lysosomes and peroxisomes are the
  _______________________. They store strong
  digestive proteins.

Assembly line/or Tax office
Post office
Waste removal/sewage plant
Lysosomes under the microscope
Like a stack of pancakes
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• Chloroplasts are analogous to ____________________
  ____ found in green plant cells and some
  protists. They convert sunlight into cellular
  energy.

a solar Power plant
water tanks

• Vacuoles are like the citys _________________.
  They hold water and nutrients for the cell. Large
  central vacuoles usually just found in plant
  cells
• Centrioles are like the __________________________
  which aid in cell division. Found mainly in
  animal cells.

traffic lights/cops directing
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Cell wall is analogous to ________________________
________. It is found mainly in plants and
provides support to the cell. Microtubules
are like _____________________________ which
conduct movement of cytoplasm and provide
cellular support. They aid in movement during
mitosis. Spindle fibers are microtubules.
an outside city surrounding highway
roads and train lines
LETS TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT SOME CELLS
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A little review
What cell parts are only present in PLANT cells?
CELL WALLS, CHLOROPLASTS AND LARGE CENTRAL
VACUOLES
What cell parts are only present in ANIMAL cells?
CENTRIOLES
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More review
LETS FILL IN THE CHART BELOW WITH 1 WORD ANSWERS.
CELL PART ONE WORD FUNCTION
CELL MEMBRANCE
GOLGI BODIES
VACUOLES
NUCLEUS
LYSOSOME
Click for answers
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POSSIBLE CHART ANSWERS
CELL PART ONE WORD FUNCTION
CELL MEMBRANCE regulator
GOLGI BODIES packager
VACUOLES storage
NUCLEUS information
LYSOSOME digestion
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THE CELL IN A BAG COMPETITION

• Working in groups of 4 you will create a cell in
  a bag
• You need to be neat with your supplies and
  specific with your cell parts
• Use the provided sheet to accompany your cell in
  a bag
• Your model should make sense in terms of size of
  organelles
• There is a time limit!

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CELL MOVEMENT
Plant cells need to move from one plant to
another- like pollen- so that it too can
fertilize another plant for reproduction
Cells need to move. Why? Turn to your table
partner and come up with 3 types of cells and why
they might need to move?
White blood cells need to move around the body to
help fight infection!
Sperm cells need to swim to the egg to
fertilize it!
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How do cells move?
PLANT CELLS CAN NOT MOVE ON THEIR OWNTHEY RELY
ON THEIR ENVIRONMENT TO MOVE
EXAMPLES air, wind, water moving cells from one
place to another.
JUST ANOTHER REASON WHY WE NEED TO KEEP OUR
RIVERS CLEAN AND FLOWING!
Some animal cells rely on bodily fluids to move
them as well.
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Animal cells move

• Cilia many small hair like structures around the
  outside of the cell
• Flagella- long whip-like extensions from cell.
  Propeller-like.
• Pseudopod- false foot extension of cell membrane

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LABEL AND COLOR
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THATS A TON OF INFO! LETS NOW LABEL THE PARTS!
mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
centriole
Lysosome or chloroplast on plant cell
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cell Wall
Nucleolus
Golgi body
THE END
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LETS EXPLORE REAL CELLS
What might a cell look like under a
microscope? Will we see all the parts? What
might we see more often in plants than in animals?
A lab