Basophils

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WHITE BLOOD CELLSLEUKOCYTES

• Dr. Taj

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PLASMA
CELLS
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE VERY IMPORTANT WHY
?
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PATHOGENS
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INFECTIONS
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IMMUNITY

Acquired immunity (specific)

• Innate immunity
• (non specific)
• Examples
• Phagocytes
• Complement
• Barriers

Humoral Antibody mediated B lymphocytes
Cell mediated T lymphocytes
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TYPES (CLASSIFICATION)
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• Granulocytes
• Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
• Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• T lymphocyte
• B lymphocyte
• Monocytes ? macrophage system

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CLASSIFICATION
GRANULOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES
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Concentration (Normal Counts)
Cell Approximate Normal range (/µL) Percentage of Total WBC
Total WBC 4000-11000 - - -
Granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils 3000-6000 150-300 0-100 50-70 1-4 0.4
Lymphocytes 1500-4000 20-40
Monocytes 300-600 2-8
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Life span of leukocytes

• Granulocytes ? 4-8 hours
• Monocytes ? 10-20 hours
• Lymphocytes macrophages ?
• months years

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FORMATION GENESIS
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Genesis of blood cells
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Genesis of white blood cells
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BARRIERS
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Lines of DefenseResponse to Inflammation

• 1st line of defense Tissue macrophages
  Physical Barriers
  
• 2nd line of defense Neutrophil Invasion of the
  inflamed area
• 3rd line of defense Monocytes macrophage
  invasion of inflamed area
• 4th line of defense Increased production of
  granulocytes and Monocytes by Bone marrow

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MONOCYTES

• No Granules but Vacoules
• Size 15-20 µm
• More Efficient than Neutrophils
• Life span 10-20 hours in blood
• Two types Mobile Fixed

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RESTING MACROPHAGE
ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE
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ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE
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Reticuloendothelial SystemMonocyte/Macrophage
System
TISSUE MACROPHAGE SYSTEM

• Monocytes
• Mobile macrophages
• Fixed tissue macrophages
• Specialized endothelial cells in bone marrow,
  spleen and lymph nodes

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Reticuloendothelial SystemMonocytes/Macrophage
System

• Examples are -
• 1. Skin and Subc tissues (Histiocytes)
• 2. Lymph Nodes
• 3. Alveolar macrophages
• 4. Liver sinuses (Kupffer Cells)
  
• 5. Spleen Bone marrow
• 6. Microglia in Brain

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Tissue macrophages in Liver sinuses
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Tissue macrophages in Lymph Nodes
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Tissue macrophages in Spleen
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NEUTROPHILS

• Most Abundant WBCs 60-70
• Size 15-20 µm
• Nucleus Multilobed 2-5 lobes
• Life span 6-8 hours

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DEFENSIVE PROPERTIES OF MACROPHAGES
NEUTROPHILS

1. Diapedesis
2. Chemotaxis
3. Opsonization
4. Degranulation
5. Phagocytosis Digestion

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PMNs Digestive System(Antimicrobial system)

• ENZYMATIC
• Granules
• Heparin
• Histamine
• Bradykinin
• Serotinin
• Defensins
• Lysosomal enzymes
• Slow reacting substance
• of anaphylaxis

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PMNs Digestive System(Antimicrobial system)

• NON ENZYMATIC
• respiratory burst
• O2 Free Radicals (O-2, H2O2, -OH)
• NADPH-oxidase
• Myeloperoxidase
• Cl- ? HoCl
• Hypochlorous acid very toxic

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Feed Back Control of Macrophage Neutrophil
response
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IMPORTANT TERMS

• Leukocytosis
• Neutrophilia
• Pus
• Leukopenia
• Leukemias

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Formation of Pus

• Dead Neutrophils
• Dead Macrophages
• Necrotic tissue

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Inflammation

• Is an Innate response
• When tissue injury occurs by bacteria, trauma,
  chemical or heat, multiple substances are
  released by injured tissue that cause dramatic
  secondary changes in the injured tissue. The
  entire complex of tissue changes is called
  Inflammation

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EOSINOPHIL

• Granules contain arginine rich protein, which
  take acid dye (eosin)
• Function Phagocytosis
• Chemotaxis attracted towards chronic
  inflammation
• Neutralises allergic products such histamine,
  5-HT, Ag-Ab complex, bradykinin (allergic disease
  of skin lungs)
• Phagocytosis is same as neutrophil, but less
  efficient

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Eosinophils cont,

• High eosinophil count
• Parasitic (hook worm, ascaris, bilharzia)
• Allergic (asthma, rhinitis, drug reaction)
• Dermatological diseases

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BASOPHILS

• Weak phagocytic cells
• Granules contain polysaccharide granules gt base
  methylene blue color.
• Similar to mast cells releases its granules
  containing heparin, histamine, 5HT. Which causes
  inflammation reaction

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IMMUNITY
Protect the body against damages caused by
foreign organism e.g. bacteria, viruses
transplanted incompatible tissue or organs
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IMMUNE CELLS

• Cells which recognized foreign organism (antigen)
  by receptors on its surface and respond to it
• T-Lymphocytes
• B-Lymphocytes

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Immune response

• Lymphocytes respond to antigen either by
• Producing antibodies (B-lymphoctes) to attack
  foreign antigen (humoral immunity)
• Cellular killing of foreign invading organism
  (cellular immunity) by T-lymphocytes

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ENEMIES Bacterias, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites
Antigens
Large gt 8000, complex, unique molecule that
triggers a specific immune response against
itself when it gains entry into body.

• Foreign ness
• Molecular size
• Chemical structure
• Antigenic determinants (Epitopes)

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Antibody
Globulin molecules in plasma which are capable of
attacking the invading agent.
EXAMPLES IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
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Types of lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

1. Helper T-cells.
2. Cytotoxic T-cells.
3. Suppressor T-cells.

• B-lymphocytes
• Plasma cells
• Memory Cells

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Humoral immunity

• B-lymphocytes recognize foreign organism by its
  surface receptors
• Interact with antigengtgtgt proliferation of
  B-lymphocytes to plasma cells
• Plasma cells secrete the specific antibody to
  destroy the antigen
• Some of this plasma cells will be kept in marrow
  as memory cell ready for next exposure to same
  antigen

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Primary immune response

• The immune response of the body when exposed to
  antigen for the first time gtgt antibodies are
  formed after a latent period (1-2 w), time needed
  for multiplication and maturation of lymphocytes
  (vaccination)

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Secondary immune response

• Upon the second exposure to the same antigen.
• immediate production of high titer antibodies
• Due to the presence of memory lymphocytes (from
  first exposure) which react immediately when
  exposed to the same antigen

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Cellular immunity

• T-cell react with antigen gt proliferate to give
  either
• Cytotoxic T cells CD8 (Tc) destroy foreign cell,
  removed by macrophage, monocytes, neutrophils
• Helper T cell CD4 (Th) secret lymphokinese to
  attract macrophages, stimulate B cell to secret
  antibodies against target cells infected with
  viruses

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Helper T-cells

• Most abundant.
• Secrete Cytokines (Interleukins)
• Stimulation of growth and proliferation of
  cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells.
• Stimulation of B cell growth and
  differentiation. Activation of macrophage system.
• Feedback stimulatory effect on helper T cells
  themselves.

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Cytotoxic T-cells
(Killer cells)
Bind with specific antigen
Secrete perforins (hole forming proteins)
Fluid flows into the cell
Cell swells and dissolves
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Suppressor T-cells

• Suppress the function of Cytotoxic and helper T
  cells.
• Helper and Suppressor T-cells are called
  regulatory T-cells.

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Function of Cellular immunity

• Rejection of transplanted tissues (kidney)
• Delayed hypersensitivity reaction (tuberculin)
• Antitumor immunity
• Cooperation with B cell in humoral immunity

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Clinical importance

• The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• AIDS virus selectively attack Th (CD4), reversing
  ThTc ratio 12
• Normal Th (CD4) Tc (CD8) ratio 21
• inhibition of immune response
• prone to bacteria/ viruses infection
• Cancer

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Immunization
Active immunity

• Dead organism.
• Toxins.
• Live attenuated organism.

Passive immunity
Infusion of antibodies, activated T-cells or both.
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SUMMARY
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Thank you