??????????G???S ??????????

1
??????????G???S ??????????

• ? a????e?s? t?? pa???s?a? t?? d?af???? pa???????
  ???a??sµ?? st? ?e?? apa?te? ep?p??? e??ast???a??
  p??sp??e?a ?a? ?????. ?ts?,
• O? de??t?? µ????ß????????? µ????s?? (pa???s?a
  pa??????? µ???????a??sµ??) t?? ?e???
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ? ?µ?da t? ????ßa?t????e?d?? ?a?
  e?d???te?a ??a t? µ????s? µe pe??tt?µat????
  ??s?e? ta ????ßa?t???d?a (µe e?p??s?p? ta
  Escherichia coli -E.coli) ?? ?p???? ?e?????ta?
  e?de??t???? ???a??sµ?? (indicator organisms)
• S?µp????µat??? p??sd???????ta? e?te????????,
  sa?µ????e? ?a? ???a pa?????a µ????ß?a

2
?a ????ßa?t???d?a

• ?a ????ßa?t???d?a ???? st?? e?te???? s????a t??
  a????p?? (?e?µ?a?µ?? ????) ????? ?e???? ?a e??a?
  p??ta pa?????a ?p?ß?????ta? ?a??µe???? se µe????
  a???µ?. ?µ?? ?ta? ?p?????? ????ßa?t???d?a st?
  ?e?? t? p?? p??a?? e??a? ?a ?p?????? ?a? ?????
  pa??????? µ???????a??sµ??.
• ? p??sd????sµ?? t??? e??a? p???ata??t???
  pa??µet??? ??at? ????? µe?a??te?? ?????
  ep?ß??s?? ap? t??? pa????????
• ??a ???? ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ????ßa?t???d??? p??
  ta ?a??st? ?at?????? de??t? ??a t?? ?pa???
  p??a??? µ????s??, e??a? t? ?e????? ?t? ?
  ap???µa?s? t?? ?e??? ta ?atast??fe? d?s????te?a
  se s?????s? µe ta ???a pa?????a ßa?t???a. ?ts?, ?
  e???e??? t?? ????ßa?t???d??? e?asfa???e? ?a? t??
  pa??????? e???e??? t?? pa??????? ßa?t???d???.

3
?a??????? ???a??sµ?? t?? ?e???

• ?? s?µa?t???te??? pa??????? ???a??sµ?? t?? ?e???
  e??a? ta ßa?t???a p?? p???a???? ?????a,
  d?se?te??a ?a? t?f?e?d? p??et?, ??? p??
  p???a???? ???µ?d? ?pat?t?da ?a? p????µe??t?da,
  d??f??a pa?as?t??? p??t???a ?a? pa?as?t???
  s???????a.
• ??a t??? ????, ded?µ???? ?t? de? ?p???e? ?µes?
  ?a? p????? s?s??t?s? t??? µe ta ????ßa?t???d?a
  apa?te?ta? ? d?e????e?a p?? e?e?d??e?µ????
  a?a??se?? ??a t?? p??sd????sµ? t???.
• ?? e????se?? e??? f???a ? as?e???? pe???????
  d?se?at?µµ???a pa??????? ???a??sµ?? ?a? ?ts? µ?s?
  t?? ?e??? µp??e? ?a p??????e? ep?d?µ?a te?ast???
  d?ast?se??.

4
????? µ????s??

• ????e? p???? µ????s?? t?? ?d?t?? e??a?
• ta ast??? ??µata
• ta ?t???t??f??? ap?ß??ta
• ta pe??tt?µata t?? ???? ?a? t?? a????p?? p??
  pe??????? pa???????? µ???????a??sµ???.
• ta ap?ß??ta ß??µ??a???? t??f?µ??
• ?? ap?????? µe????? ?e??????? ?a? ?t???t??f????
  µ???d?? ?a?
• ?? p??µµ??e? ?? ?p??e? s?µpa?as????? pe??tt?µata
  ???? ?a? pt????.

5
???????S ??????G?S?aS ?????

• ??S???S ????G?S??S

6
Epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ?? ?e?? µp??e? ?a pe????e? d??f??a s?stat??? se
  s???e?t??se?? ?????te?e? ap? a?t?? p??
  ep?t??p??ta? ap? t?? p??d?a??af?? ? p?? e??a?
  ap?de?t?? ap? t??? ?ata?a??t??
• ?at? t?? epe?e??as?a ta a?ep???µ?ta s?stat??? t??
  ?e??? ap?µa??????ta? µe ?at?????e? f?s???? ?
  ??µ???? d?e??as?e?.
• ?a s?stat??? p?? afa?????ta? µetaf????ta? ?a? ?
  d?a?e???s? t??? ???eta? µe t??p? p?? de?
  p???a????ta? d?sµe?e?? pe??ßa????t???? ep?pt?se??
  

7
S?st?µata epe?e??as?a? ?e???

• H epe?e??as?a ?e??? s?????? ???eta? se d?ad?????
  st?d?a (sta ?p??a ???eta? afa??es? d?af????
  s?stat????) ?a? ???e st?d?? a?t?st???e? se µ?a
  d?e??as?a, a? ?a? se µe????? pe??pt?se?? ??a
  st?d?? µp??e? ?a pe????e? pe??ss?te?e? ap? µ?a
  d?e??as?e?.
• ? ep????? t?? s?st?µat?? epe?e??as?a? e?a?t?ta?
  ap? ta ?a?a?t???st??? t?? ?e??? t?? ?dat????
  ap???µat?? ?a? ap? ta ep?d????µe?a ?a?a?t???st???
  t?? epe?e??asµ???? ?e???.

8
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ?s?a??sµ??
• ???d??? s???e? st? s?µe?? ?d??????a? ??a t??
  s?????t?s? e?µe?e??? ste?e?? (5-8 cm)
• µ?se? s???e? (a????µata 0,5 cm)
• ?ept?? s???e? ??a t?? ?ata???t?s? a???? ?a?
  p?a??t?? st?? (20-50 µm)
• ???µ???
• ?µ???µ??f?? ?a? ???????? d?as???p?sµ?? t??
  ??µ???? st? ?e??

9
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ?e??sµ??
• ????a?e?
• e??tt?s? t?? d???e?d??? t?? ????a?a ?a? t??
  µe?a???? (degasification)
• e??tt?s? t?? H2S, NH3 , pt?t???? ???a????? CCl4
  (ap???µ??s? stripping)
• ap?µ?????s? ?sµ??
• ??e?d?s? s?d???? ?a? µa??a????
• ??e?d?s? ???a????? ???? ?.?.

10
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ??µ??? ??e?d?s? (p??-??????s?)
• ?fa?µ??? ??e?d?t???? ??s??? , ?p?? t? ????,
  ?????? ? ?pe?µa??a???? ????? ??a t?? ep?ß??d??s?
  t?? a??pt???? µ???????a??sµ?? ?a? t?? ??e?d?s?
  ??s??? p?? p???a???? ?sµ?? ?a? ?e?se??.
• ?????d?s?
• ???s???? ?????d?t???? (a??t?? t?? a??????? ?a?
  s?d????) ?a? ta?e?a a??µ??? p?? ep?f??e?
  ap?sta?e??p???s? t?? ?????e?d?? s?µat?d??? ?a?
  t?? s??µat?sµ? µ????? ?????d??

11
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• T??µß?s?
• S?ss?µ?t?s? t?? µ????? ?????d?? p?? p????pt???
  ap? t?? ap?sta?e??p???s? t?? ?????e?d?? se
  µe???e? ?????de?
• ?a????s?
• ?p?t?????eta? ? d?a????sµ?? µe t? ßa??t?ta t??
  a?????µe??? s?µat?d??? ?a? t?? ?????d?? p??
  s??µat?st??a? sta p??????µe?a st?d?a.
• ??e???? ????a?a?
• ?p?µ?????s? ??s??? p?? p???a???? ?e?se??, ?sµ??
  ?a? ???µa st? ?e??. ?p?µa????e? ????????a???? ?a?
  ???a ???a???? s?stat???. ? ????a?a?
  ???s?µ?p??e?ta? se µ??f? s????? e?te se ?????d?
  µ??f?.

12
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ??e??? a???µ??a
• ?p?µa????e? ep??e?t??? ???sµ??e? e??se?? ?p?? t?
  ?e?? (f?sf???, t? f?????, t? a?se???? ?a? t?
  se?????).
• ?p???µa?s?
• ?atast??f? pa??????? µ???????a??sµ?? µe t? ???s?
  ??e?d?t???? e??se?? ?p?? ??????, d???e?d?? t??
  ??????? ?a? ????. ? ap???µa?s? ep?s??
  ep?t?????eta? µe ?pe???d? a?t???ß???a
• ?µµ????s?
• ???s???? aµµ???a? ??a t? µetat??p? t?? e?e??e???
  ??????? se ????aµ??e? p?? e??a? ????te??
  d?ast????, ????? µe?a??te?? ?p??e?µµat??? d??s?
  ?a? de? s??µat????? t??a??µe????a

13
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ?p?s??????s? µe ??µ??? ???µat?p???s?
• µ???d?? ap?s??????s?? µe t? ???s? ?d???e?d??? t??
  asßest??? ? ?d???e?d??? t?? asßest??? ?a?
  a???a????? ?at????.
• ?pa??????s?
• p??s???? d???e?d??? t?? ????a?a se ?e?? p?? ??e?
  p?????e? µet? ap? ap?s??????s? µe pe??sse?a
  ?d???e?d??? t?? asßest??? ?a? tape???s? t?? pH

14
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ??µ??? ?ata???µ??s?
• ???s???? ??µ???? ??a t?? ?ata???µ??s? d?a??µ????
  ??s??? ?a? d?µ??????a ???µat??. G??eta?
  ap?µ?????s? s?????t?ta?, s?d???? ?a? µa??a????,
  ßa???? µet?????
• ?????s? (d????s?)
• ?p?µ?????s? s?µat?d??? µe d????s? µ?s? p???d???
  µ?s??. ?? st??µa d????s?? µp??e? ?a e??a? ap??
  (?µµ??), d?p?? (?µµ?? ?a? a???a??t??) ? p???ap??

15
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ?p?µ?????s? d?a??µ???? e??se??
• ? ap?µ?????s? d?a??µ???? e??se?? ap? t? ?e??
  ep?t?????eta? µe ???t?e?a??a??, a?t?st??f? ?sµ?s?
  ?a? e??tµ?s?
• ???t?e?a??a??
• ???e?t??? ap?µ?????s? ?at???t?? ?a? a????t?? ap?
  t? ?e?? ap? ??t??e?. ? a?ta??a?t??? ??a??t?ta t??
  ??t???? e?a?t?e?ta? ?a? apa?te? a?a?????s?.
  ?p?????? e??e?t???? ??t??e? ??a t? s?????t?ta, ta
  ??t???? ?a? t?? aµµ???a
• ??t?st??f? ?sµ?s?
• ???s? ?µ?pe?at?? µeµß?a??? p?? ?ata??at??? ta
  d?a??µ??a ??ata ?a? ap?d?d??? ?a?a?? ?e??. ?a
  ??ata s???e?t?????ta? st?? ??µ? p?? p??pe? ?a
  d?ate?e?. ? µ???d?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a afa??t?s?
  ?a? afa??es? ??t????? ?a? a?se?????

16
?as???? d?e??as?e? p?? ???s?µ?p?????ta? st??
epe?e??as?a ?e???

• ?pe?d????s? (?pe?d????s?)
• ???a? µ?a d?e??as?a d????s?? ?p? p?es? d?a µ?s??
  µeµß?a??? p?? ?ata??at??? ????? µe d?ast?se??
  0,05-0,1µ
• ??e?t??d?ap?d?s?
• ?fa?µ??eta? d?af??? ??e?t????? d??aµ???? ?a?
  ep?t?????eta? ? afa??es? ???t?? µe t? ß???e?a
  ep??e?t???? µeµß?a??? a????t?? ?a? ?at???t??
• ?p?sta??
• S?st?µata e??tµ?s?? d?af???? t?p??
  ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a t?? afa??t?s? ?e???

17
???atast?se?? epe?e??as?a? ?e???

• St???? t?? e??atast?se?? epe?e??as?a? ?e??? e??a?
  ? pa?a???? ?e??? p?? ??a??p??e? t?? p??d?a??af??
  p???t?ta? µe ?????? ??st??.
• ?? ?e?? p?? ?p?ß???eta? se epe?e??as?a µp??e? ?a
  e??a? ep?fa?e?a?? e?te ?p??e??.
• ? ?d??????a ?a? ? µetaf??? t?? ?e??? µ???? t??
  e??at?stas? epe?e??as?a? ap?te?e? t? a????? tµ?µa
  t?? e??atast?se??. ?et? t?? epe?e??as?a, t? ?e??
  ?d??e?ta? se de?aµe?? ?a?a??? ?e??? ?a? ap? e?e?
  d?at??eta? st? d??t?? d?a??µ?? ??a ?a f??se? st??
  ?ata?a??t?.

18
???atast?se?? epe?e??as?a? ?e???

• ? s?ed?asµ?? t?? ??? ???eta? µe ???t???? t??
  apa?t??µe?? ßa?µ? epe?e??as?a? ?ste ?a
  ep?t?????eta? ?at?????? p???t?ta p?s?µ?? ?e???
• ? pa???s?a pa??????? ???a??sµ?? e??a? ß?ßa?? se
  ??a ta f?s??? ?e?? ?a? ?????? st???? µ?a? ???
  e??a? ? ?atast??f? t?? pa??????? µ?s? ap???µa?s??
  t?? ?e???.
• ? ap?te?esµat???t?ta ???? t?? µe??d?? ap???µa?s??
  e?a?t?ta? ap? t? ????t?ta (a?????µe?a ?a?
  ?????e?d?), s??ep?? p??? t?? ap???µa?s?
  apa?te?ta? ? ap?µ?????s? t?? ????t?ta? t?? µ?s?
  ?????d?s??-?a????s?? ?a? d????s??.

19
???atast?se?? epe?e??as?a? ?e???

• ? d?asf???s? t?? p???t?ta? t?? ?e??? (d?a??µ??a
  s?stat???) e??a? s??p?µ? ?a ep?d???eta? st??
  p???.
• ?s? p?? ?a?a?? e??a? ta f?s??? ?e?? p?? p???e?ta?
  ?a epe?e??ast??? t?s? µ????te??? ? a???µ?? t??
  d?e??as??? p?? apa?t???ta? ?a? ?? e? t??t?? t?s?
  µ????te?? t? ??st??.
• ?? de? t?????ta? ta ap?de?t? ???a sta f?s??? ?e??
  ?d??d?t?s?? ?p?????? ?? ?at?????e? d?e??as?e? ??a
  t?? epe?e??as?a t??? ?? ?p??e? ?µ?? a??????? t?
  ??st?? (p.?. e?e???? ????a?a?, ???t?e?a??a??,
  µeµß???e?).

20
???atast?se?? epe?e??as?a? ?e???

• G?a pa??de??µa, ? afa??t?s? t?? ?e??? (pa?a????
  p?s?µ?? ?e??? ap? ?a??ss??) ??e? de?ap??s??
  ??st?? se s?????s? µe t? ??st?? pa?a????? p?s?µ??
  ?e??? ap? ep?fa?e?a?? ? ?p??e?a f?s??? ?e??.
• ?ts?, p????pte? t? s?µp??asµa ?t? ? pa?a????
  p?s?µ?? ?e??? µe ap?de?t? p???p???te? t?
  ?at?????? p???t?ta t?? f?s???? ?e???, p??
  ???s?µ?p?????ta? ??a ?d??d?t?s?.

21
?pe?e??as?a ep?fa?e?a??? ?e???

• ?a ?????te?a p??ß??µata p?? pa???s?????? ta
  ep?fa?e?a?? ?e?? e??a? ? ?pa??? a?????µe???
  ??????, ???µat??, ?sµ?? ?a? ?e?s?? ?a?
  µ????ß????????? f??t???.

22
S?????? epe?e??as?a ep?fa?e?a??? ?e???

• ?????? ???s?µ?p?????ta? ???d???, µ?se? ?a?
  p??a??? ?ept?? es???e?.
• G??eta? p??s???? ??e?d?t???? (??a t?? pa?eµp?d?s?
  a??pt???? f????, t?? ??e??? µ???????a??sµ?? ?a?
  t?? a?t?µet?p?s? p??ß??µ?t?? ?sµ?? ?a? ?e?s??).
  O? ??e?d?t??? ???s?µ?p?????ta? t? ??????,
  d???e?d?? t?? ???????, ????, ?pe?µa??a???? ?????.
• G??eta? p??s???? ?????d?t???? (??ata s?d???? ?a?
  a??????? p?????e?t????te? ).
• ?et? t?? ?a????s? p??st??eta? ?p?ß????t???
  d????s??
• ?et? t?? d????s? a??????e? ? ap???µa?s? (s??????
  µe ??????)

23
S?µßat??? µ???da? epe?e??as?a? ep?fa?e?a??? ?e???
24
St?d?a epe?e??as?a ep?fa?e?a??? ?e???

• ?? ?p?????? p??ß??µata µe t?? p???t?ta t?? ?e???
  p?? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a ?d??d?t?s? t?te ?????ta?
  d??f??e? t??p?p???se?? sta st?d?a epe?e??as?a?
  (p.?. ???s?µ?p???s? ?????d??? e?e???? ????a?a,a?
  ?p???e? a???µ??? ???a???? f??t?? ???s?µ?p???s?
  de?aµe??? p???a????s?? a? ?p???e? µe????
  s?????t??s? a?????µe??? ??????- ap?s??????s? a?
  ??e? µe???? s?????t?ta.
• ?p?s??, a? t? ?e?? ??e? µ????? t?µ?? ????t?ta?,
  ???µat?? ? ?sµ?? µp??e? ?a ???e? pa???aµ?? t??
  stad??? ?a????s?? ?a? ?a ???e? ape??e?a? d????s?.

25
?pe?e??as?a ?p??e??? ?e???

• ?a ?????te?a p??ß??µata e??a? ? ????? s?????t?ta
  ?a? ? a???µ??? s?????t??s? s?d???? ?a? µa??a????.
• G?a t?? afa??es? t?? s?????t?ta? ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
  ?d???e?d?? t?? asßest??? ?a? s?da (?ta? ? µ???µ?
  s?????t?ta e??a? ?????).
• Se ?e?? p?? ??e? p?????e? µet? ap? ap?s??????s?
  µe pe??sse?a ?d???e?d??? t?? asßest??? a??????e?
  t? st?d?? epa??????s??, d??ad? ? d?aß?ßas?
  d???e?d??? t?? ????a?a ??a ?a µe???e? t? pH (ap?
  10-11) st?? t?µ? 9,5 ?ste ? pe??sse?a asß?st? ?a
  µetat?ape? se a???a???? asß?st?? p?? afa??e?ta?
  µe ?a????s?. ?p?t?????eta? sta?e??p???s? t??
  ?e???.

26
?pe?e??as?a ?p??e??? ?e???

• ? ap?s??????s? t?? ?e??? ???eta? ?a? µe ???s?
  ???t?e?a??a?t???? ?????? (??t????)
• ?a s?st?µata epe?e??as?a? ??a afa??es? s?d????
  ?a? µa??a???? pe???aµß????? st?d?a ??e?d?s?? t??
  d?s?e??? ???t?? ?a? afa??es? t?? ???µ?t?? µe
  ?a????s?.

27
?p???µa?s? ?e??? (disinfection)

• ? ap???µa?s? e??a? s?????? t? te?e?ta?? st?d??
  st?? epe?e??as?a ?e??? ?a? ????? ap?ß??t?? ?a?
  ??e? ?? st??? t?? ?atast??f? t?? pa???????
  µ???????a??sµ??. ??e? ?? µ???d?? ap???µa?s??
  st??e???? st?? ?atast??f? t?? ßa?t???d???, ???
  ?a? t?? ???p?? µ???????a??sµ?? p?? p??a?? ?a
  e??a? f??e?? as?e?e???, ? µp????? ?a e?e???????
  se t?t?????.
• ? ap???µa?s? ep?t?????eta? ?????? µe ??????
  (Cl2), ???? (?3), ?pe???d? a?t???ß???a (UV).

28
?p???µa?s? ?e??? (disinfection)

• ?? ap???µa?t??? µ?s? p??pe?
• ?a e??a? d?ast??? se ??e? t?? ?at?????e?
  µ???????a??sµ?? p?? pa???s?????ta? ? a?aµ??eta?
  ?a pa???s?as???? st? s?st?µa
• ?a s?µf??e? ??????µ??? ? efa?µ??? t??
• ?a µ?? d?µ?????e? pa?e????e?e? st? s?st?µa ?a? ?a
  µ? d?e??????e? t?? a?e???e??t? a??pt???
  a?ep???µ?t?? e?d??
• ?a µ?? d?µ?????e? s?ßa???? ???d????? ??a t?
  p??s?p??? ?a? t? pe??ß?????
• ? p?? s?????sµ??? s?µe?a µ???d?? ap???µa?s??
  e??a? ? ??????s? ? ?p??a ep?t?????eta? µe
  p??s???? st? ?e?? e?te e?e??e??? ??????? e?te
  ??µ???? e??se?? t?? ???????.

29
??????s? ?e???

• ?? ?????? (Cl2) e??a? ??s?a t????? ??a t??
  ?????p? ?a? ta ??a, se ?aµ???? ?µ?? s???e?t??se??
  ?? ?p??e? apa?t???ta? ??a t?? ?atast??f? t??
  pa??????? µ???????a??sµ?? e??a? aß?aß??.
• ? s?????? pe??e?t???t?ta t?? ??????? st? ?e?? de?
  ?pe?ßa??e? t? 1 mg/L(1 ppm) e?? ?a? 50 mg/L ?????
  ap?de???e? a???d??a ??a t?? a????p??? ???a??sµ?.
• ? p??sd?d?µe?? ap? t? ?????? ?e?s? ?a? ?sµ?,
  a??µ? ?a? ??a pe??e?t???t?te? p??? ?at?te?e? ap?
  t? ep????d??? ????, e??a? t?s? d?s??este? p??
  ap???e???? t?? p?s? t??.

30
??????s? ?e???

• ?? ?????? e??a? a???? ??t????p??s???, µe ??t??a
  e?e??st??? ?a? ap?p???t??? ?sµ?
• ??t?d?? ??e?d?t??? t?s? µe a????a?e? ??s?e?
  (Fe2, Mn2, N?2-, H2S) ?s? ?a? µe ???a?????
  e??se??
• desµe???? t? ?e??µe?? apa?t??µe?? ??????. ?et?
  t?? ??a??p???s? t?? ?e??? se ?????? pa?aµ??e? se
  µ???? p?s?t?ta p?? a????e? t?? ap???µa?s?.

31
??????s? p?s?µ?? ?e???

• ?ta? p??ste?e? a???? ?????? st? ?e?? s??µat??eta?
  ?p???????de? ???
• ?d????s? Cl2H2O ? HOCl H Cl-
• ?? ?p???????de? ??? e??a? ??a as?e??? ??? p??
  d?asp?ta? st? s????e?a se ???ta ?d??????? (?)
  ?a? ?p???????d? ???ta (?Cl-)
• ???t?sµ?? HOCl ? ? OCl-
• ? pa???s?a t?? ?p???????d??? ????? st? ?e??
  e?a?t?ta? ?????? ap? t? p?. Se ????? pH ?
  p?s?t?ta HOCl e??a? µe?a??te??.

32
??????s? p?s?µ?? ?e???

• ?? t? pH t?? ?e??? ???e? gt 8 t? ap?t??esµa e??a?
  ? ???t?sµ?? t?? as?e???? ????? (HOCl) se
  ?p???????de? ???, OCl-, p?? e??a? s?et???
  a?e?e??? ??a t?? ?atap???µ?s? µ???????a??sµ??.
• ?p? t?? d?? µ??f?? t? ?p???????de? ???, HOCl
  ??e? p??? µe?a??te?? µ????ß???t??? d??s? ??a?t?
  t?? ?p???????d??? ???t??, OCl- st? ?e?? (40-80
  f???? ??a E.coli).
• St? s??µa p?? a??????e? fa??eta? ? ep?d?as? p??
  ??e? t? pH st?? ?ata??µ? t?? d?? µ??f?? t??
  ??????? HOCl, OCl-, ?? ?p??e? s???st??? t?
  ?e??µe?? e?e??e?? ?????? ? ?p??e?µµat???
  ?????? .

33
??a????a t?? µ??f?? t?? ???????, se s????t?s? µe
t? pH
34
??????s? p?s?µ?? ?e???

• ?p?? p????pte? ap? t? s??µa ? ap???µa?t??? d??s?
  t?? ??????? e??a? ?a??te?? se ?aµ???? t?µ?? pH
• ? ap???µa?t??? ??a??t?ta t?? ??????? e?a?t?ta?
  ep?s?? ap? t?? ?e?µ???as?a epe?d? ??a
  s???e???µ??? t?µ? pH ? ?e?µ???as?a ep??e??e? t?
  d??stas? t?? HOCl.
• St?? ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as?e?, ??a ???sµ???
  s?????t??s? ???????, a???s? t?? ?e?µ???as?a?
  µe???e? t? ????? ?atast??f?? µ???????a??sµ??
• ?ts?,?s? ?????te?? e??a? ? t?µ? t?? pH ?a? ?s?
  ?aµ???te?? e??a? ? ?e?µ???as?a t?s? pe??ss?te??
  p?s?t?ta ??????? apa?te?ta? ??a t?? ep?t???
  ap???µa?s?.

35
??????s? p?s?µ?? ?e???

• Se µ????? ???µa?a? efa?µ???? ???s?µ?p?????ta?
  ?p???????d? ??ata t? Ca(OCl)2, ? ?dat??? d????µa
  ?aOCl
• Ca(OCl) 2 ? Ca2 2OCl-
• ?aOCl ? ?a OCl-
• St? ?e??, ? ??e?ßas??? a?t?d?as? p?? ?aµß??e?
  ???a µetat??pe? t? µe?a??te?? µ???? t?? OCl- se
  HOCl.
• OCl- H2? ? HOCl ??-
• µp??e? ?a ?e????e? ?t? ap??a??stata? ? ?d?a
  ?s????p?a.
• ? p??s???? ??????? e?att??e? t? pH, e?? ta
  ?p???????d? ??ata p???a???? a???s? t?? pH.

36
??t?d??se?? ??????? µe e??se?? p?? pe??????ta?
st? ?e??

• ?? ?????? ?a? t? ?p???????de? ??? t?? ap???µa?s??
  a?t?d???? µe p????? e??se??, a????a?e? ?a?
  ???a????? ?a? ?d?a?te?a µe t?? a?a??????? e??se??
  s?µpe???aµßa??µ???? ?a? t?? aµµ???a?.
• ??t?? ?? a?t?d??se?? e??a? ?a? t? s?µa?t???
  µe?????t?µa t?? ??????s??.
• ? apa?t?s? t?? e??se?? a?t?? ??a ?????? p??pe?
  ?a ??a??p????e? p??? ?p???e? d?a??s?µ? ?????? ??a
  t?? ap???µa?s?.

37
??t?d??se?? ??????? µe e??se?? p?? pe??????ta?
st? ?e??

• ??t?d??se?? pa???s?a aµµ???a??? ???t??
• ?ta? st? ?e?? ?p???e? aµµ???a (? a??t???e?
  ???a????? e??se?? p?? ?ata?????? se aµµ???a) t?
  ?????? a?t?d?? ?a? s??µat??e? ????aµ??e? e??µ???
  ??????. ? f?s? t?? e??se?? a?t?? e?a?t?ta? ap?
  t?? s???e?t??se?? aµµ???a?, ??????? ?a? ap? t?
  pH. S??µat????ta? t?e?? ????aµ??e? s?µf??a µe t??
  a?t?d??se??
• ??4 HOCl ? NH2Cl H2O H
  ????????aµ???
• NH2Cl HOCl ? NHCl2 H2O ??????aµ???
• NHCl2 HOCl ? NCl3 H2O ???????aµ???
• ? NH2Cl ?a? NHCl2 ????? ap???µa?t??? d??s?
• ?? ????aµ??e? µe e?a???????t??? p??s???? ???????,
  d?asp??ta? ?a? d????? te???? a???? ???t?
• 2 NH2Cl Cl2 ? N2 ? 3HCl

38
??e??e?? ? ?p??e?µµat??? /apa?t??µe?? ??????

• ?? tµ?µa t?? s??????? ?p?????t?? e?e???? ???????,
  t? ?p??? ß??s?eta? se µ??f? ?p???????d??? ?????
  (HOCl) ?a? ?p???????d?? ???t?? (?Cl-) e??a?
  ???st? sa? e?e??e?? d?a??s?µ? ?????? ?
  ?p??e?µµat??? ??????.
• O? e?e??? ?????? ??e?ta? t? ?????sµa ???? t??
  e??se?? ??????? p?? ?p?????? se ??p??a ???????
  st??µ? st? ?e?? ?a? ????? ap???µa?t??? d??s?.
• ?? apa?t??µe?? ??a ap???µa?s? ?????? e?a?t?ta?
  ap? t?? pe??e?t???t?ta t?? e??se?? st? ?e?? p??
  a?t?d???? µe t? ??????.

39
??t?d??se?? ??????? µe e??se?? p?? pe??????ta?
st? ?e??

• Se s????e?? pe??pt?se?? p????? ap???µa?s?
  ep?t?????eta? ?ta? µet? t?? a??µ??? ?a? ??e?d?s?,
  ? pe??e?t???t?ta t?? e?e??e??? ??????? e??a?
  pe??p?? 0.2 ppm. ?e??ss?te?? ??????s? p??sd?de?
  st? ?e?? ?sµ? ?a? ?e?s? e?? ??a pe??e?t???t?ta
  µ????te?? ap? t? pa?ap??? ???? (0.2 ppm) de?
  e?asfa???eta? p????? ap???µa?s?.
• G?a ?a µ?? ep?d?? d?sµe??? t? e?e??e?? ??????
  st?? f?s??? ap?d??t? p??pe? ?a e????eta? ?
  pe??e?t???t?ta t??.

40
??t?d??se?? ??????? µe e??se?? p?? pe??????ta?
st? ?e??

• ??t?d??se?? pa???s?a a????a??? ???t??
• ?? ?????? ??e?d??e? p???? a????a?a e?d? ?p??
  ???ta Fe2, Mn2, NO2- , S-2 ta ?p??a ap?te????
  pa?ade??µata a????a??? a?a??????? s?µ?t?? p??
  ?p?????? st? ?e?? ?a? a?t?d???? µe ??????.
• ? a?t?d?as? Cl2 ?a? H2S d?deta? ?? pa??de??µa t??
  a?t?d??se?? t?? Cl2 µe a?a?????? s?µata.
• H2S Cl2 ? 2HCl S

41
??t?d??se?? ??????? µe e??se?? p?? pe??????ta?
st? ?e??

• ??t?d??se?? pa???s?a ???a????? e??se??
• ?? ?????? ep?s?? a?t?d?? ?a? µe t????
  ?p?????se? ???a????? e??se?? st? ?e??, µe
  ap?te??sµata t? s??µat?sµ? ???a????????µ????
  e??se??, µe????? ap? t?? ?p??e? e??a? t??????.
• ?? a???este? ???a????? e??se?? a??????? t??
  apa?t?s? t?? ?e??? ??a ??????.
•  
• Cl OH
• C C - HOCl
  ? C C -
• H H
  H H

42
?a?ap?????ta ap???µa?s??, DBPs (Disenfection
by-products)

• ?a p?? ????? pa?ap?????ta ??????s?? e??a? ta
  t??a??????µe????a ? t??a??????µe????a , THMs
  (CHX3) ?a? ta a??????? ???a, HAAs,
  (XnH3-nC-COOH ?p?? ? e??a? Cl ? Br ? µ??µa a?t??
  ?a? n1,2,? 3).
• ? ????? s?????t??s? t?? ??????? ?a? t?? ß??µ???
  sta pa?ap?????ta ap???µa?s?? a?af??eta? ?? ???
  (Total Organic Halogen) ?a? e?f???eta? ?? µg/L
  ?s?d??aµ?? p?s?t?ta? Cl.

43
?a?ap?????ta ap???µa?s??, DBPs (Disenfection
by-products)

• ?? t? ?e?? pe????e? fa????e?, t? ??????
  a?t??a??st? ta ?t?µa ?d??????? t?? da?t????? ?a?
  s??µat????ta? ?????fa????e?.
• ??a µe?a??te?? p??ß??µa e??a? ? s??µat?sµ??
  e??se?? t??a??????µe?????? (THMs) µe ?e???? t?p?
  CHX3 ?p?? X e??a? ?????? ? ß??µ??. ? p??
  s?µa?t??? ???s? e??a? t? ?????f??µ?? CHCl3, p??
  s??µat??eta? ?ta? t? ?????? a?t?d?? µe ???µ????
  e??se?? st? ?e??. ???e? e??se?? p?? µp??e? ?a
  s??µat?s???? e??a? t? ß??µ?-d??????-µe?????
  (CHCl2Br), t? ?????-d?ß??µ?-µe????? (CHClBr2),
  ?a? t? ß??µ?f??µ?? (CHBr)

44
?a?ap?????ta ap???µa?s??, DBPs (Disenfection
by-products)

• ? pa???s?a ?a?????????? ???a????????µ???? e??se??
  ?a µp????se ?a ?d???se? se p??sp??e?e? ?a
  a?a?ata??f?e? ? ??????s? t?? ?e??? ?a? ?a
  a?t??atasta?e? p????? ap? ???e? µe??d??? ?p??
  p.?. t?? ap???µa?s? µe ????, ? µe d???e?d?? t??
  ???????, ? µe ?pe???d? a?t???ß???a.
•  
• ?µ?? t? µe?????t?µa t?? µe??d?? a?t?? ??a?t? t??
  ??????s?? e??a? ?t? de? s??µat??eta? ?p??e?µµa
  ?ste ?a ?p???e? p??stas?a st? d??t?? (ap? t??
  sta?µ? epe?e??as?a? st?? ?ata?a??t?) p??? t??
  ?ata????s?.

45
S?µas?a ?p??e?µµat???? ???????

• S??????eta? t? ??????, t? ?p???????de? ??? ?a? t?
  ?p???????de? ??? ?a a?af????ta? ?? e?e??e??
  ?p??e?µµat??? ?????? ?a? ?? ????aµ??e? ?? e??µ???
  ?p??e?µµat??? ??????. 
• ?ta? st? ?e?? pe????eta? aµµ???a, p??pe? ?a
  a????e? ? p?s?t?ta t?? ??????? p?? p??st??eta?.
  ?? e??µ??? ?????? e??a? p?? sta?e?? ap? t?
  e?e??e?? ?????? a??? e??a? ????te?? d?ast???.
  ??e? ?p?????s?e? ?t? t? e??µ??? ?????? ??e???eta?
  100 f???? µe?a??te?? ????? epaf?? ap? ?t? t?
  e?e??e?? ?????? ??a ?a ????µe t?? ?d?? ßa?µ?
  ap???µa?s??. 
• ?a???a a?t? se ???sµ??e? pe??pt?se?? p??st??eta?
  aµµ???a st? ?e?? ?ta? de? t?? pe??????? ??a ?a
  s??µat?s???? ????aµ??e? ?? ?p??e? p???a????
  ????te?a p??ß??µata µe t? ?e?s? ?a? t?? ?sµ? p??
  p??sd?d??? st? ?e??.

46
?a?a?t???st??? ?aµp??? ??????s??

• ?? ????aµ??e? µe e?a???????t??? p??s???? ???????,
  d?asp??ta? ?a? d????? te???? a???? ???t?
•  2NH2Cl Cl2 ? N2 ? 3HCl
• ?? se de??µa ?e??? p?? pe????e? aµµ???a p??ste?e?
  p???de?t??? ??????, t?te pa???eta? µ?a
  ?a?a?t???st??? ?aµp??? s?????t??s?? t??
  ?p??e?µµ?t?? ???????, ?p?? fa??eta? st? pa?a??t?
  s??µa
• ?ta? a?t?d??se? ??? ? aµµ???a, ? pe?a?t???
  p??s???? ??????? µetat??pe? t? e??µ??? ?????? se
  e?e??e?? ??????.
• ??t? a????e? ap? t? ?e??µe?? s?µe?? µetat??p??.

47
?a?a?t???st??? ?aµp??? ??????s??
48
?a?a?t???st??? ?aµp??? ??????s??

• ? e??e?a ??aµµ? ?? d??e? t? s?????t??s? t??
  ??????? p?? p??st??eta?, ? t? s?????t??s? t??
  ?p??e?µµat?? ??????? st? ?e?? ef?s?? de? ???eta?
  ?aµ?? a?t?d?as?.
• ? ?aµp??? ?? pa??st? ta ?p??e?µµata ??????? p??
  a?t?st?????? st?? d??f??e? p??s???e? t??, µet?
  ap? ??a ???sµ??? ????? epaf?? (20 ?ept?).
• ? apa?t?s? t?? ?e??? se ?????? se µ?a
  s???e???µ??? s?????t??s? p?? p??st??eta? d??eta?
  ap? t?? ?ata????f? ap?stas? µeta?? t?? ?aµp????
  ?? ?a? ??. ??t? p?a?t??? pa??st??e? t?? p?s?t?ta
  t?? ??????? p?? ??e? a?t?d??se? µe ta d??f??a
  a?a?????? s?µata ?a? ?at? s???pe?a ? p?s?t?ta
  a?t? de? e??a? p???? d?a??s?µ?.

49
?a?a?t???st??? ?aµp??? ??????s??

• Se ?????te?e? d?se?? ???????, ?? ????aµ??e?
  ??e?d????ta? ap? t?? pe??sse?a ??????? se a????
  ???t?, µe ap?t??esµa t?? ta?e?a e??tt?s? t??
  ?p??e?µµat?? ??????? st? ?e??.
• ?et? t? s?µe?? µetat??p??, de? ??e? pa?aµe??e?
  aµµ???a ??a ?a a?t?d??se? µe t? ??????, ?a? ?ts?
  a????eta? ? s?????t??s? t?? ?p??e?µµat?? ???????
  a?????a µe t? p??st???µe?? ??????.
• ?ts? ? ap???µa?s? p??? t? s?µe?? µetat??p??
  ?fe??eta? st? e??µ??? ??????, e?? µet? t? s?µe??
  µetat??p?? ?fe??eta? st? e?e??e?? ?????? a? ?a?
  µp??e? ?a pa?aµe????? ???? ????aµ????.

50
?a?a?t???st??? ?aµp??? ??????s??

• ?? s?µe?? µetat??p?? e??a? ?a?a?t???st??? ??a
  ???e ?e?? p?? ???????eta? ??at? ? apa?t?s? t??
  ?e??? ??a ?????? e?a?t?ta? ?????? ap? t??
  s?????t??s? t?? a?a??????? e??se?? ?a? t??
  aµµ???a?.
• ? p??sd????sµ?? t?? s?µe??? µetat??p?? ep?t??pe?
  t?? ?p?????sµ? t?? p?s?t?ta? ??????? p?? ?a
  p??ste?e?, ?ste ?a ?p???e? e?e??e?? ?p??e?µµat???
  ?????? ??a t?? ?a??te?? ap???µa?s? t?? ?e???. ?p?
  t?? ???? p?e???, epe?d? t? e?e??e?? ?????? e??a?
  t????? ??a t??? ?d??ß???? ???a??sµ???, ?
  ap???µa?s? t?? ??µ?t?? ??a pa??de??µa ???eta?
  ?at? t?t??? t??p? ?ste ?a µ?? pa?aµ????? µe???e?
  s???e?t??se?? ?p??e?µµat???? ??????? ?at? t?
  d????te?s? t?? ??µ?t?? se ?dat????? ap?d??te?.

51
?????ß?a?? ???s? t?? ???????

• ?atast??fe? ? ad?a??p??e? t??? pa????????
  ???a??sµ??? a?t?d???ta? µe ????µa ? µ?s?
  ??tta????? d?e?sd?s??.
• ? µ????ß???t???? d??s? t?? ??????? e?a?t?ta? ap?
  t? ??µ??? µ??f? t? ????? epaf??, t? pH, t?
  s?????t??s?, t? ?e?µ???as?a ?a? t? t???? ap? t?
  e?d?? t?? µ????ß???.
• ??? pa?????te? s?µa?t???? st?? ap???µa?s? t??
  ?e??? e??a? ? ?????? epaf?? ?a? ? s?????t??s?.
  ?ta? ?? ????? pa?????te? d?at?????ta? sta?e???
  (pH, ?e?µ???as?a, t?p?? µ???????a??sµ??)
• ?atast??f? 8 Cn x t ( ngt0)

52
??e??e?t?µata - ?e???e?t?µata t?? ??????s??

• ??e??e?t?µata
• d?at??eta? se a???a, se ???? ?a? se ste?e? µ??f?
• ?aµ??? ??st??
• af??e? ?p??e?µµa st? ?e??, t? ?p??? p??state?e?
  ??? t? s?st?µa ?d?e?s??,
• e??a? ?s???? t????? ??a t??? pe??ss?te????
  µ???????a??sµ???.
• ?e?????t?µa
• s??µat?sµ?? pa?ap?????t?? ??????s?? epe?d? t?
  ?????? t?? ap???µa?s?? a?t?d?? µe p?????
  ???a????? ?a? a????a?e? e??se??.

53
?p???µa?s? ?e??? µe d???e?d?? t?? ???????

• ???s?µ?p??e?ta? se pe?????sµ??? ßa?µ?, ?????? se
  pe??pt?se?? p?? t? ?????? d?µ?????e? a?ep???µ?te?
  e??se?? µe s?stat??? t?? ?e???.
• ?? a???? d???e?d?? t?? ???????, ???s?µ?p??e?ta?
  ??a t?? ap???µa?s? t?? ?e??? epe?d? de? e?s??e?
  ?e???? ?t?µa ??????? st?? e??se?? µe t?? ?p??e?
  a?t?d??, ?a? epe?d? ??e?d??e? t?? d?a??µ??e?
  ???a????? e??se??, s??µat????ta? p??? ????te?e?
  p?s?t?te? ???a????? pa?ap?????t??.
• ?? ClO2, ?µ?? de? µp??e? ?a ap????e?te? ??at? se
  ?????? s???e?t??se?? e??a? e????t???. ?ts?
  pa???eta? st?? t?p? ???s?µ?p???s?? t??.
• 2NaClO2 Cl2 ? ClO2 2NaCl

54
?p???µa?s? ?e??? µe ???s? ????t??

• ?? ???? ?3 ??e? ???s?µ?p????e? st?? ????p? ??a
  ap???µa?s? ?e??? pe??ss?te?? ap? 60 ?????a.
  Te??e?ta? ap?te?esµat??? ??a e???det???s? t??
  ?sµ?? ?a? ?e?se??, ??a t?? ap?µ?????s? fa??????
  ?a??? ?a? ??a t?? ap?µ?????s? t?? ???µat?? ?a?
  d?ast??? ?at? t?? ??? se d?s? 1.0 mg/l.
• ?? ???? p?? e??a? a???? asta???, ?s????
  ??e?d?t???, de? µp??e? ?a ap????e?te?, ?a?
  pa???eta? st?? e??atast?se?? epe?e??as?a? ?e???
  µe µ?a a???ß? d?ad??as?a p?? pe???aµß??e?
  ??e?t????? e??e??se?? se ???? a??a.

55
?p???µa?s? ?e??? µe ???s? ????t??

• ???a? ?e???? dapa????te?? µ???d?? ap? t?
  ??????s?. ?? ????, ??e? µ???? d????e?a ???? ?a?
  µetat??peta? ??????a se ??????? (se 30 ?ept?).
• ?e t?? ??t??? ??e?d?t??? t?? d??s?, ap????µat??e?
  ?a? de? af??e? ?aµ?a ?sµ? st? ?e?? a??? ???? t??
  µ????? d????e?a? ???? de? e?asfa???e?
  ?p??e?µµat??? d??s? ?a? ?ts? de? pa???e?
  p??stas?a st? ap???µasµ??? ?e?? µ?sa st? d??t??
  d?a??µ?? ap? ??p??a µe????t??? µ????s?.

56
?p???µa?s? ?e??? µe ???s? ?pe???d??? a?t???ß???a?

• ? apa?t??µe?? d?s? e?a?t?ta? ap? ta
  ?a?a?t???st??? t?? p??? ap???µa?s? ?e??? ?a?
  e??a? e?a?s??t? st?? pa???s?a a?????µe??? ste?e??
  ?a? ????t?ta?.
• ?? ??st?? t?? ap???µa?s?? µe ?pe???d? a?t???ß???a
  e??a? ???? µe?a??te?? ap? a?t? t?? ??????s?? a???
  µ????te?? ap? t?? ?????s??
• ??e??e?t?µata ?e? pa?????ta? ep????d??a
  pa?ap?????ta
• ?e???e?t?µata ?p??s?a ?p??e?µµat???? d??s??