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1

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???? 2
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3
???? ???????????

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???? 3
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4
??????, ??????? Carbohydrates, Sugars,
Saccharides

???? 4
??? 1
5
???????? ??????? ?? ??-??????
D - glucose
L - glucose
???? 5
??? 1
6
???????? ?? ??-??????
a - D glucose
b - D glucose
???? 6
??? 1
7
????????????

• ???????????? ??????? ? 2 ?? 8 ????????
• ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??-?????? ??? ?????
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• ???? ???? a ?? ???? b
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???? 7
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8
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???? 8
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9
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???? ????
20 ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????,
??????, ????????
???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???
???? 9
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10
???? ?????? ?????
5.88
5.97
6.02
3.22
pI
Tryptophan Trp, W
Glutamic acid Glu, E
Valine Val, V
5.67
5.48
5.68
9.74
Lysine Lys, K
Phenylalanine Phe, F
Serine Ser, S
Tyrosine Tyr, Y
6.02
6.30
10.76
5.60
Proline Pro, P
Isolucine Ile. I
Arginine Arg, R
Threonine Thr, T
5.02
5.98
7.59
5.41
???????????
Cysteine Cys, C
Asparagine Asn, N
Histidine His, H
Leucine Leu, L
???????
5.06
5.70
5.97
2.98
???????
???????
Glycine Gly, G
Glutamine Gln, Q
Aspartic acid Asp, D
Methionine Met, M
???? 10
??? 1
11
???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????

????? ????????? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ???????
???? ???
???? 11
??? 1
12
???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????

?????? Henderson-Hasselbalch
(1.1)
???? 12
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13
???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????

?????? ???? (????????)
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14
???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????

???? 14
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15
???????Peptides
??? ?????? peptide bond
??????????? (???????)
???? 15
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16
???????Proteins

• ????? - ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????
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???? 16
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17
??????? - ???? ??????
?? ????? ???? ????? ????? (fold) , ?????
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18
??????? - ???? ???????

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????? pH ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????
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19
???? ??????? ?? Ribonuclease

???????? ??? (????)
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???? 19
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20
??????? - ???? ???????

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?????? Globin
Heme
???? 20
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21
?????? ????????? ?? ???????

???? ?????????
???? ????? pI
???? 21
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22
???????

???? 22
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23
???????????Nucleotides

???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? DNA ?- RNA
???? 23
??? 1
24
????? ????????????

????? Adenine, A
????? Thymine, T
????? ?- DNA ????? ?- RNA
G-C A-T G-C A-U
?????? Uracil, U
???? 24
??? 1
25
????? ????? ?? DNAThe double helix

???? ?????
???? 25
??? 1
26
???? ? -RNA

RNA ??? ???? ??-?????, ?? ??????? ??-???????
???? 26
??? 1
27
???????

?????? ????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ????
?????? ???? Fatty acids ?????? ??????
CH3(CH2)nCOOH ?????? ???? ?????? - ????? ??? ????
???
???? 27
??? 1
28
???????

???? 28
??? 1
29
?????

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???? 29
??? 1