Post World War 2

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Post World War 2

• Rise of the Cold War

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After World War II

• Germany was divided into military zones.
• Germany was divided into East and West Germany
  
  
• British, American, French controlled the West
• USSR controlled the East

The city of Berlin was also divided the same way
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Conferences

• Tehran Conference- Set out the strategy for the
  defeat of Germany.
• Carry on a two front war Great Britain and US
  from the West and USSR from the East

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Conferences

• Yalta Conference- The Big Three decided to split
  Germany and Austria into zones of occupation.
• Also divide Vienna and Berlin

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After World War II

• Post-War occupation of Japan was led by
• General MacArthur.
• economy was devastated
• Shortages

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Conflicting Goals

• Potsdam Conference (1945) - This was the start of
  the Cold War when Joseph Stalin refused
  free elections in Eastern Europe.
• US Goals
• 1. Encourage self-determination
• 2. Gain access to materials and markets
  (globally)
• 3. Rebuild Europe
• 4. Reunite Germany
• 5. Stop the spread of Communism

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Conflicting Goals

• USSR Goals
• 1. Encourage Communism
• 2. Rebuild their own economy using the countries
  of Eastern Europe
• 3. Maintain control of Eastern Europe (Satellite
  Nations)
• Keep Germany divided so they are never a threat
  again.
• The two super powers will never fight, but they
  will use other countries as battle grounds -
  Cuba, Korea, Vietnam, Latin America, and the
  Middle East.

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Europe after WWII

• United Nations
• 1. Created in 1945 after WWII to replace League
  of Nations which was
• ineffective
• 2. Goals of UN to promote cooperation in
  international law, security, economic
  development, social progress, human rights, and
  world peace.
• Based on the Atlantic Charter
• 3. Security Council
• Maintain peace and security among countries.

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United Nations

• Security Council made up of 5 permanent member
  nations US, GB, France, China, Soviet Union. 10
  rotating temporary members that spend two years
  in the position elected form the General
  Assembly.
• General Assembly- member nations. All members
  have the same rights and voting power.
• GA elect the secretary-general and the judges for
  the International Court of Justice.

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Europe after WWII

• Iron Curtain
• Soviet Union took control of all of Eastern
  Europe
• Winston Churchill described the situation as an
  iron curtain descending across the continent of
  Europe.

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The New US foreign policy

• Containment (1946) -
• 1. The policy developed by U.S. Ambassador George
  Kennan, stated
• a. Eastern Europe is already lost to Communism so
  we should keep it there.
• b. U.S. should prevent the spread of communism.

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Truman Doctrine

• Truman Doctrine (1947)-
• the U.S. took over a leadership role in world by
  supporting countries threatened by communism.
• 400 million to help Greece and Turkey to get the
  economies running again and to stop rebellions in
  the countries. This was an effort to stop
  communist aggression and advancement
• Part of the containment policy

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Marshall Plan

• Marshall Plan (1947 - 1952) -
• Created be President Trumans Secretary of State
  
• George Marshall
• Provided 13 billion in aid to Western European
  
• countries. Also offered to the Soviet Union
  and Eastern
• European Countries under Soviet control.
  (refused)
• The economy of all countries grew, output rose
  35
• Helped the US by supplying export goods to
  European countries.

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COMECON

• USSR created COMECON- Council for Mutual
  Assistance to help economies of Eastern Europe.
• Failed because the USSR could not fund the
  program adequately

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Berlin Airlift June 1948 - May 1949
At the Yalta Conference, US/USSR/France/Britain
agreed to occupy the city of Berlin in East
Germany. In 1948, the 3 western zones of Berlin
merged and with the Marshall plan became very
prosperous. a. The poverty of East Berlin became
an embarrassment for Stalin.
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Berlin Airlift June 1948 - May 1949

• Stalin blockaded the city of Berlin by not
  letting Allied convoys into the city through
  Soviet-controlled part of Germany.
  
  
• Stalin was attempting to force the Allies out of
  Berlin
• President Truman decided to airlift supplies to
  the people of Berlin.
  
• 2.2 million tons of supplies - everyday for 327
  days. A total of 227,000 flights

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Alliances

• US created NATO (North Atlantic Trade
  Organization) 1949
• The US, Canada and 9 Western European countries
  promised collective security for each other to
  defend against Soviet aggression.
• Warsaw Pact (1955) - Soviet Response - linked
  them with Eastern Europe.

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Communism in China (1945-1949) Following the
Chinese Civil War Mao Zedong and the communists
overthrew Chiang Kai-Shek and the
Nationalists. Mao was a follower of Karl Marx
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• Domino Theory - If one nation falls to communism,
  how many will follow.

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Harry Truman

• 1945 WWII ends with Trumans decision to drop
  atomic bomb on Japan
• - The United Nations is created.
• 1946 Churchill claimed an Iron Curtain has
  descended upon Europe
• 1947 Truman Doctrine aid is aimed at saving
  Greece Turkey- part of the containment policy
  of the United States against communism. 400
  million to the two countries.
• 1948 U.S.S.R. cuts off supply route to West
  Berlin in an effort to get the Allies out of East
  Germany. The U.S. responds by airlifting supplies
  to West Berlin.
• - Marshall Plan- 13 Billion in aid to help
  rebuild Western Europe

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Truman

• 1949 U.S.S.R. detonates their first hydrogen
  bomb as a show of force against the U. S.
• Civil War in China turns most populous country
  into a Communist Nation
• N.A.T.O. is created as a military alliance. US,
  Canada, and 9 Western European nations.
• 1950 Korean Conflict begins as a result United
  Nations police action begins to defend S. Korea
• Sen. Joseph McCarthy claims communists have
  infested the government, starts 2nd Red Scare in
  the US.
• 1951 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are tried and
  sentenced for providing nuclear secrets to the
  Soviets. They were executed in 1953

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

• 1953 Stalin dies. Nikita Khrushchev becomes
  General Secretary
• Korean Conflict ends in a stalemate. The two
  Koreas are divided at the 38th parallel
• 1954 S.E.A.T.O. forms to protect Southeast Asia
• 1955 Mutually Assured Destruction or MAD Plan
  introduced by John Foster Dulles
• S.U. creates Warsaw Pact to offset NATO
• 1956 Nikita Khrushchev proposes idea of
  peaceful coexistence between the US and Soviet
  Union

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Dwight D. Eisenhower

• 1957 Sputnik launches the U.S. Soviets into a
  space race.
• Eisenhower Doctrine is offered to Middle East
  countries
• 1959 Communist dictator Fidel Castro (Cuba),
  takes power and seizes all US assets and priv.
  property
• 1960 Francis Gary Powers is shot down in his
  U-2 spy plane over U.S.S.R.