Chapter 11

1
Chapter 11 Jefferson Madison

• Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply
  entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the
  Napoleonic era (1799 1815), leading to a highly
  unpopular and failed embargo that revived the
  Federalist party. How did Jeffersons beliefs
  conflict with his actions?

2
Summary of John Adams

• Alien and Sedition Acts
• No war with France (considered greatest
  accomplishment)
• Hamiltons open criticism of Adams
• High debt to pay for war that never happened
• Father of the American Navy (Adams Jackasses)

3
The Election Revolution of 1800

• Federalists John Adams strong Central
  government
• Republicans Thomas Jefferson - States rights.
• Accused of robbing a widow and children of
  savings, and having children out of wedlock with
  slave Sally Hennings, also accused of being an
  atheist.
• The results Adams (and Pinckney) won New
  England and the east coast, Jefferson (and Burr)
  won the South, West and New York. The 3/5
  Compromise helped Jefferson win the election
  because it increased the representation in the
  House.

4
The Tie with Aaron Burr

• The TIE with Burr a tie in the Electoral
  College forced a vote in the House of
  Representatives. The Federalists controlled the
  House and hated Jefferson, but Burr was even less
  popular. After several votes (and some coercion)
  Jefferson won the Electoral College vote.

5
The Revolution of 1800

• A Return to the spirit of the American Revolution
• Decrease in the size of the government balance
  budget!
• Restore Civic Virtue
• A Peaceful transfer of power, and does not mean
  political death for losing party. (significance
  of election)

6
The Presidency of Jefferson

• The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson full of
  paradox and personal conflict
• Inauguration Day March 4, 1801 The will of
  the majority is in all cases, to prevail. The
  will to be rightful must be reasonable the
  minority possesses their equal rights.
• We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists
• honest friendships with all nations, entangling
  alliances with none.
• The govt, shall not take from the mouth of
  labor the bread it has earned.
• Kept a number of the Federalists in office to
  show moderation and willingness to treat the
  opposition fairly.
• Those prosecuted under the Alien and Sedition
  Acts were pardoned and their fines repaid.
• 1802 New Naturalization Law reduced residency
  requirements back down to five years.
• Repealed the Excise (Whiskey) tax - left the
  government short 1 million annually.

7
The Watchdog of the Treasury

• Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin
  Harvard professor,
• US Representative for Pennsylvania, member of
  Finance Committee.
• Watchdog of the Treasury was able to balance
  the budget,
• saw the debt as a curse, not a blessing.
• Hamiltons Policies left in place
• Funding at the par
• Assumption of state debt
• Bank of the US
• Protective tariffs

8
John Adams and the Midnight Judges

• The Adams Legacy Federalist Judges
• The Midnight Judges Adams appointed 16 judges
  during the final days of his Presidency. These
  judges would be strong Federalists, and have
  lifetime appointments. The Judiciary Act of 1801.
  They will have the power to interpret laws for
  many years.
• Jefferson complained that this was in open
  defiance of the peoples will and the incoming
  Congress repealed the act and the 16 judges
  appointments.

9
Marbury V Madison (1803)

• Chief Justice Marshall

Justice William Marbury
Secretary of State, James Madison
10
Marbury v Madison - 1803

• At the end of his term, Federalist President John
  Adams appointed William Marbury as justice of the
  peace for the District of Columbia. The Secretary
  of State, John Marshall (yes - the same person
  who later became Chief Justice) failed to deliver
  the commission to Marbury and left that task to
  the new Secretary of State, James Madison. Upon
  his inauguration, Thomas Jefferson told Madison
  not to deliver the commissions. Marbury filed
  suit and asked the Supreme Court to issue a writ
  of mandamus, or a court order which would require
  Madison to deliver the commission.

11
Marbury v Madison - 1803

• In his opinion, Chief Justice Marshall said that
  while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the
  Supreme Court did not have the power to issue the
  writ of mandamus. This was because the Judiciary
  Act of 1789, the act written by Congress which
  authorized the Supreme Court the to issue such
  writs, was unconstitutional. Thus, the Court gave
  up the power to issue writs, but affirmed their
  power of judicial review, saying that if a law
  written by the legislature conflicts with the
  Constitution, the law is "null and void."
• Significance set the precedent for judicial
  review Supreme Court has final authority over
  interpretation of all laws. Made Jefferson angry
  he thought it was a states rights issue.

12
Jefferson Reluctant Warrior

• Reduce the size to 2,500 men and 200 boats
  (thought a standing army represented a
  dictatorship navies were less of a threat)
• Use diplomacy, not war Peaceful coercion
• Forced into war?
• US ships were being attacked by pirates of the
  Barbary States (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and
  Tripolitania) in the Mediterranean Sea. We had
  been buying protection.

13
The Philadelphia
1804, the pirates had captured the U.S. ship, the
Philadelphia and were going to use it against us.
Instead, Stephen Decatur burned the ship to the
waterline.
14
The Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803

• 1802 Spain took away our rights of deposit in New
  Orleans.
• Jefferson feared having to fight a strong France,
  they might need to seek alliances.
• 1803 Jefferson sends Monroe and Livingston to
  France to negotiate the purchase of Louisiana
  plus as much to the east as they can for 10
  million max. If no agreement can be reached, go
  to Britain and seek an alliance.
• April 30, 1803 France decides to sell America all
  of Louisiana plus land to the west for 15
  million. 828,000 square miles at 3 cents an
  acre.

15
The Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803

• Reasons
• Failed to reconquer Haiti New Orleans had been
  the supply line for Haiti
• Toussaint LOverture The Opener lead a slave
  revolt in 1791. Yellow fever depleted the French
  military so Bonaparte gave up.
• To end the fighting with Britain he might need to
  give it up, so he would rather sell it to the US
  then give it to Britain.

16
Jeffersons Dilemma

• Knew he did not have the authority to make such a
  purchase.
• What a blessing to be a Valley of Democracy
  a western agrarian society.

17
Lewis and Clark - 1804

• The Expedition of Lewis and Clark 1804 2 ½
  year journey to Pacific Coast 8,000 miles
• Meriweather Lewis personal secretary to
  Jefferson
• William Clark army officer, plus 45 men
• Corps of Discovery Started at Missouri River
  (1804-05), to North Dakota, through the Rocky
  Mountains to Columbia River and to Pacific Coast.

18
The Trail of Lewis and Clark

• 8,000 mile journey guided by Sacagawea

19
Napoleon Bonaparte 1799-1815

• America Stuck between a rock and a hard place
• 1803 Napoleon re-starts war with Britain
• 1806 Britain issues Orders in Council Close
  Europe ports to ships unless the ships stopped in
  Britain. 1808-1811 arrested 6000 citizens.
• Napoleons Response ordered the seizure of any
  merchant ship that entered British ports.
• The outcome America couldnt trade with Britain
  or France.

20
The Chesapeake Incident

• The Chesapeake Incident - H.M.S. Leopard stops
  the U.S. Chesapeake, demands to search for four
  British deserters, Chesapeake refuses British
  open fire. 3 U.S. sailors killed, 18 wounded. 3
  U.S. citizens were impressed into British navy. A
  fourth was hung as a British deserter. Results
  President Jefferson calls for embargo against
  Britain. U.S. angry with U.K.
• (The Leopard fooled the Chesapeake into stopping
  by claiming they had mail they wanted delivered
  to Europe. The Chesapeake had left in such a
  hurry they had buried their gunpowder and
  lighting fuses under other supplies. When the
  fighting started, they only managed to return one
  shot, when a sailor lit the powder by picking up
  a live coal from the cooking fire with his bare
  hands.)

21
Embargo Act of 1807

• The Embargo Act of 1807 - Law passed by Congress
  and signed by President Thomas Jefferson in 1807.
  This law stopped all trade between America and
  any other country.
• The goal was to get Britain and France, who were
  fighting each other at the time, to stop
  restricting American trade.
• The Act backfired, and the American people
  suffered. The Act was ended in 1809.

Effects economic depression, supplies piled up,
unemployment up, illegal smuggling along Canadian
border, Federalist Party Revival
22
1808 Election

• James Madison (Demo-Republican)
• Charles Pinckney (Federalist)
• George Clinton (Demo-Republican)
• End to the Embargo. Non-Intercourse Act March
  1, 1809. Re-opened trade with everyone except
  Britain and France (1809-1812)
• Reasons for failure
• Good crops in Britain didnt need US
• New trade with Latin America
• Bonaparte stole what he wanted from US ships
• underestimated Britains stubbornness
• overestimated reliance on US goods

23
Non-Intercourse Act

• In the last days of President Thomas Jefferson's
  presidency, the United States Congress replaced
  the Embargo Act of 1807 with the almost
  unenforceable Non-Intercourse Act of March 1809.
  This Act lifted all embargoes on American
  shipping except for those bound for British or
  French ports. The intent was to damage the
  economies of the United Kingdom and France. Like
  its predecessor, the Embargo Act, it was mostly
  ineffective, and contributed to the coming of the
  War of 1812. In addition, it seriously damaged
  the economy of the United States due to a lack of
  markets for its goods.

24
James Madisons dilemma

• James Madisons dilemma Embargo due to expire
  in 1810, what to do? March 4, 1809
• Macons Bill No 2 If either nation would repeal
  their restrictions (Orders in Council) the US
  would open trade.
• Napoleons response If Britain would lift their
  trade restrictions, France would end theirs (it
  was a lie). Trying to get the US to trade with
  France.
• Madisons action accepted the offer and gave
  Britain three months to act. Britain refused to
  let the US trade with anyone except them.
  Embargo is back!

25
Tecumseh and The Prophet

• Tecumseh and the Prophet Shawnee brothers who
  wanted to end White domination, being backed by
  Britain.
• War Hawks members of new 12th congress from S
  and W who hated Britain and Indians and felt
  threatened in the West. Goal White Flood out
  west
• Fall 1811 Indiana territory Governor William
  Henry Harrison (President 1841- for 32 days)
  pushed into IN near Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers.
• Peace since Treaty of Greenville (1795)
• 1808 Shawnee tribes launched reform movement
  end sale of land, end of alcohol consumption.
• Started a town Prophet Town
• William Henry Harrison decided to strike, 1811
  Shawnee were defeated

26
Tecumseh and The Prophet

• The safety of the white settlements in the
  Indiana Territory became markedly improved.
• The Prophet was discredited as a leader.
• The confederation of the eastern tribes
  disintegrated.
• The bitterly disappointed Tecumseh, who did not
  return to Indiana for another three months,
  remained an implacable foe of the American
  settlers. He would later become allied with the
  British and participate in the War of 1812.
• William Henry Harrison emerged with a reputation
  as the hero of Tippecanoe, an image that he would
  use to his political advantage in later years.

27
Mr. Madisons War June 1, 1812

• 1806 - Napoleon excludes British goods from
  "fortress Europe"
• Result American ships caught in middle as
  British respond with blockade. British seize 1000
  U.S. ships, French ca. 500.
• 1803-1812 British impress American sailors
• Result British captains took over 10,000
  American citizens to man ships.
• June 1807 -Chesapeake -Leopard fight, 3 miles off
  Norfolk, Virginia
• Result Chesapeake fired on by Leopard after
  refusing to be boarded. 3 Americans killed, 18
  wounded.
• December 1807 Embargo Act
• Result Jefferson's attempt at "peaceful
  coercion" resulted in economic disaster for
  merchants.
• 1810 War Hawks elected to Congress
• Result Calhoun, Clay, others bothered by insults
  to U.S. and Indian presence
• 1811 - Battle of Tippecanoe, Ohio River Valley,
  Tecumseh's brother (the Prophet) led attack on
  Harrison's army of 1000.