Chapter 13 Notes

1
Chapter 13 Notes

• Mrs. Marshall

2

• 1824 Presidential Election
• John Quincy Adams-Massachusetts
• Henry Clay- Kentucky
• Andrew Jackson- Tennessee and Pennsylvania
• William Crawford- Georgia

3

• John C. Calhoun withdrew from presidential race
  and ran as the VP for both Jackson and Adams.
• Issues of little importance/personalities were
  the topic of debate.
• Andrew Jackson had the most electoral votes and
  popular votes. NO candidate had a majority of
  electoral votes.

4

• Election was thrown into the house.
• Top 3 candidates were Jackson, Adams and Crawford
• Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) supported
  Adams. John Quincy Adams won. He made Clay his
  Secretary of State.

5

• Non-partisan- an election in which candidates
  do not declare or do not formally have a
  political affiliation.
• It denotes organizations that do not have
  formal alignment with a political party

6

• Adams had strong nationalistic views.
• Recommendations to congress
• Internal improvements
• A national university
• Federal support for astronomical observatory
• Standardization of weights and measures
• Exploration of the interior and Pacific coast
• Encouragement for the arts and science
• Promotion of agriculture, commerce and
  manufacturing

7
Election of 1828

• Andrew Jackson (known as Old Hickory) won a
  substantial victory.
• His political philosophy was based on suspicion
  of the federal government.
• The Age of Jackson was often seen as the age
  of the common man

8

• Spoils system-Jackson removed people from
  political office and replaced them with his
  friends.
• Kitchen Cabinet a group of political supporters
  who had the ear and the confidence of the
  president

9

• Tariff of 1816 replaced with the Tariff
• of 1824.
• Manufacturers wanted an even higher
• tariff. Jacksonians supported a higher
• tariff.
• Tariff of 1828- passed Congress and
• signed into law by Adams.
• Resulted in Adams political downfall.
• Southerners referred to is as the Tariff
• of Abominations or Black Tariff

10

• South protested the tariff.
• S.C. took the lead and published a
• pamphlet known as the SC
• Exposition secretly written by
• John C. Calhoun. It denounced the
• tariff as unjust and unconstitutional.
• Proposed that states should nullify the
• tariff

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• S.C. legislator called a convention and passed
  the Ordinance of Nullification stating that the
  tariff was null, void and no law.
• 
  
  
• Threatened to secede from the union if the
  federal government attempted to collect the
  tariff in S.C.

12

• Force Bill passed by Congress as Jacksons
  request to allow him to use the army and navy to
  collect the tariff and put down any insurrection.
• Tariff of 1832

13

• Henry Clay- the Great Compromiser negotiated a
  new tariff that was acceptable to S.C. which
  ended the nullification crisis.
• Tariff of 1833-import taxes would gradually be
  cut over the next decade until by 1842 they
  matched the levels set in the Tariff of 1816 (an
  average of 20)

14

• Assimilate- a minority groups
• adaptation to the dominant
• culture.
• Jackson supported the removal of
• all Indian tribes to the west of the
• Mississippi River. The Indian
• Removal Act of 1830 provided for
• federal enforcement of the
• process.

15

• Cherokee Nation v The State of
• Georgia (1831)
• Found the Cherokee were not a
• sovereign nation and had no
• standing to bring a lawsuit to the
• Supreme Court. The court did say
• they had a right to their land.

16

• Worcester v Georgia (1832)
• Court agreed with the Cherokee on
• their treaties with the federal
• government and declared
• Georgias laws in regard to the
• Cherokee unconstitutional.
• Georgia and Jackson ignored the
• courts ruling.

17

• Trail of Tears- the forced march of thousands
  of Cherokees to the west (forced out of Georgia
  to Oklahoma) nearly ¼ of them perished on the
  journey

18

• Bank of the United States
• Nicholas Biddle. Many opposed the bank because
  they thought it was too big and powerful-many
  viewed it as unconstitutional.
• Jackson distrusted the bank and stated his
  intention to destroy the bank.

19

• 1832- Henry Clay and Daniel
• Webster promoted a bill to
• recharter the bank.
• Congress passed the bill to
• recharter.
• Jackson vetoed the bill.
• Until the charter expired in 1836
• the bank was left as a lame duck
• agency.

20

• 1832 election
• Jackson defeats Clay
• Party platform- a parties beliefs,
• their stand/position on issues.
• Views this as a mandate from the
• people to destroy the bank.

21

• Jackson removed federal governments deposits
  from the Bank of the US and placed them in
  various state and local banks called pet banks.
• Biddle tightened up on credit and called in
  loans.
• The results were a financial recession.

22

• Specie Circular- required payment
• for public land in hard money
• (gold/silver)
• Depression followed. (lasted well
• into the 1840s)

23

• Whig Party
• Formed by a coalition of groups to
• oppose what they saw as the tyranny of
• King Andrew I
• Supporters
• Backers of the American system
• Backers of southern states rights
• Large northern industrialists
• Evangelical protestants

24

• What the party supported
• Internal improvements
• Prisons, asylums and public schools
• A market economy
• Party was united in its hatred for Jackson.

25

• Election of 1836
• Democrats- Martin Van Buren
• Whigs-nominated candidates with regional appeal
  hoping election would be thrown into the House of
  Representatives
• Martin Van Buren was elected

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Causes of the Panic of 1837

• Specie Circular
• Withdrawal of British investments as Great
  Britain suffered through its own economic hard
  times
• Lack of national banking system
• Failure of the wheat crop

27

• Martin Van Buren, known as Old
• Kinderhook (O.K.) inherited
• problems of Jackson. Spent most
• of 4 years dealing with financial
• chaos.

28

• Independent Treasury Act (1840) passed by
  Congress to handle government funds. Separated
  the federal treasury from the banking system.

29

• Mexico gained independence from
• Spain in 1821.
• Stephen Austin led Americans into
• Mexico. 1830- over 20,000 white
• Americans along with slaves lived
• in northern Mexico.
• Santa Anna was the President of Mexico

30

• Texans proclaimed their
• independence in 1836 and
• established a new republic.
• Santa Anna defeated the Texans at
• the Alamo and at Goliad

31

• April, 1836 Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna at
  San Jacinto and the Mexicans were forced to let
  Texas go. Santa Anna was forced to sign treaty
  agreeing to withdraw Mexican troops and the Rio
  Grande River as the boundary.

32

• U.S. refused to annex Texas-it remained an
  independent nation.
• 1840 Presidential election
• William Henry Harrison/John Tyler-VP (Whig)
  defeated Martin Van Buren (Democrat)