MNA Mosby

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MNAMosbys Long Term Care Assistant Chapter
15Preventing Infection
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Microorganisms

• Microbes
• Small living plant or animal that can only be
  seen with a microscope.
• Pathogen harmful microorganisms

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Types of Microbes
5 Types Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Rickettsiae Virus
es
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Types of Microbes
Examples E-coli. Pneumonia, TB, cholera
Bacteria multiply rapidly Germs One celled Cause
infection in any body system
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Types of Microbes
Fungi Plants that live on other plants or
animals Mushrooms, yeasts, molds Infect the
mouth, vagina, skin, feet other body areas
Examples Athletes foot, ringworm
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Types of Microbes
Protozoa Microscopic One celled Infect the blood,
brain, intestines and other body areas
Examplesdysentery, malaria, and African sleeping
sickness.
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Types of Microbes
Rickettsiae Microscopic forms of life found in
fleas, ticks, lice Transmitted to humans by
insect bite
Examples Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Types of Microbes
Viruses Very small microscopic organisms that
grow in living cells
Examples common cold, herpes, flu, AIDS,
hepatitis
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Requirements for Microbes

• Require a Reservoir
• The reservoir is the environment where the
  microbe grows

Most like Warm Dark Moist
Humans, plants, animals, water, soil, food.
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Normal Flora
Example E-coli

• Microbes that live and grow in a certain area.
• Intestines, respiratory tract, skin.

Non-pathogen when in or on a natural reservoir.
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Infection
Disease state resulting from invasion of
microbes Local in a general area Systemic
throughout the body
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Chain of Infection
Source
Source Reservoir Portal of Exit Mode of
Transmission Portal of Entry Susceptible Host
Portal of entry
Portal of exit
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Chain of Infection
Source - pathogen
Bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungus
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Chain of Infection
Reservoir human and animals
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Chain of Infection
Portal of Exit Respiratory tract Intestinal
tract Urinary tract Reproductive tract Breaks in
the skin Blood
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Chain of Infection
Mode of Transmission Coughing Sneezing Air Food
Water Eating and drinking utensils Personal care
items Direct contact Dressings Insects animals
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Chain of Infection
Portal of Entry Respiratory tract Intestinal
tract Urinary tract Reproductive tract Breaks
in the skin Blood
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Chain of Infection
Susceptible Host - A person at risk for infection
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Signs Symptoms of Infection
Fever ? Pulse and respiratory rate Pain or
tenderness Fatigue Loss of appetite N/V Diarrhea R
ash Sores on mucous membranes Redness of
swelling Discharge or drainage
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Nosocomial Infection or HAI
An infection acquired after admission to a health
care facility Also called a HAI Healthcare-Associ
ated Infection
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Nosocomial Infection or HAI
Common sites are Urinary system Respiratory
system Wounds Bloodstream
Prevented by Universal precautions Medical
Asepsis Surgical Asepsis Isolation
Precautions Blood Borne Pathogen Standards
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Medical Asepsis
Asepsis being free of pathogens
Medical asepsis practices used to remove or
destroy pathogens prevent the spread of pathogens
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Common Aseptic Practices
HAND WASHING!!! Individual personal care
items Cover your nose or mouth when coughing or
sneezing Bath, brush teeth regularly Wash fruits
and raw vegetables Wash cooking and eating
utensils with soap and hot water
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MOST IMPORTANT Aseptic Practice?

• HAND WASHING!
• When washing your hands, your hands and forearms
  are kept lower than your elbows
• Hands are washed for at least 15 seconds
• When drying your hands, start at the
• fingertips and work up to your forearms

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Other aseptic terms
Sterilization - absence of ALL microorganisms.
(autoclave)
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Other aseptic terms
Disinfection - destroying pathogens Clean -
absences of pathogens Contamination pathogens
present Germicides are disinfectants
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Standard Precautions
Reduce the risk of spreading pathogens
Used in the care of all residents
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Standard Precautions
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
Gown, gloves, masks, goggles
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Standard Precautions
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
Use any time there is a possibility of coming in
contact with Blood Body fluids Non-intact
skin Mucous membranes
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Standard Precautions
Sharps
Never recap needles Use bio-hazardous containers
when indicated
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Standard Precautions
Donning and removing Gloves
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Standard Precautions
Donning and removing gloves, gown, mask
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Standard Precautions
Double bagging
Leak proof plastic bags Bio-hazardous
symbol Specimens
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Isolation
Types of isolation Airborne small
droplets Strict airborne and contact Droplet
larger droplets Contact direct or indirect
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Isolation
Types of isolation are based on how the
disease/infectious organism is spread from person
to person. Read the isolation signs on the
outside of the patients door or above the head
of the patients bed. The signs will tell you
what personal protective equipment to put on
before entering the room or before initiating any
patient care task.
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Isolation

• Meeting the residents basic needs while in
  isolation
• Smile !
• Treat resident with respect
• Provide reading, entertainment material
• Organize your work so you can stay and visit a
  little
• Say hello from the doorway often

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Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
OSHA Regulation
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus HBV -
Hepatitis B Virus
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Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Exposure Control Plan
Training provided Free Immunization for HBV PPE
provided
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Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Exposure Control Plan
Engineering and Work Practice Controls
Bio-hazardous containers provided Do not store
food or drink where blood or body fluids are
stored Clean Spills with 110 solution of Clorox
and water
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Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Caused by a virus
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Blood or blood products, sexual contact,
peri-natal Prevention vaccine
3 injections Given before or after exposure
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Bloodborne Pathogen Standard
Caused by a virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
AIDS
Blood or blood products, sexual contact,
peri-natal NO Prevention vaccine
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Review
All microbes are pathogens.
True False
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Review
A pathogen causes infection.
True False
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Review
An item is sterile if non-pathogens are present.
True False
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Review
Pathogens prefer an environment that is warm and
dry
True False
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Review
Kissing is an example of mode of transmission in
the chain of infection.
True False
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Review
Bacteria is an example of portal of entry in the
chain of infection
True False
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Review
Blood is an example of a reservoir in the chain
of infection
True False
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Review
Boiling water is sterilization.
True False
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Review
A no-socomial infection or a healthcare-associated
infection (HAI) is transmitted within a HCF.
True False
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Review
Standard precautions includes wearing PPE as
needed.
True False
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Review
HBV is caused by a bacteria.
True False
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Review
HIV effects the liver.
True False
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Review
Sharps are recapped to prevent danger to others.
True False
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Review
A HCF must provide all employees with free HVB
vaccinations .
True False
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Review
Hand washing is the most effective aseptic
technique.
True False
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Review
Hands do not need to be washed if gloves are worn.
True False
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Review
What is PPE?.
Personal Protective Equipment
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Review
How are contaminated spills cleaned?
1 part Clorox to 10 parts water