The Age of Faith

1
The Age of Faith

• A Spiritual Revival in the Church
• Chapter 14 Section 1

2
Causes and Effects

• Causes
• Vikings and other invaders raided western Europe
  and destroyed monasteries and centers of
  learning- New monasteries were built with the
  idea of reform.
• Effects
• New religious orders of monks spread the ideas of
  reform- devotion and reverence to God, restored
  and expanded Popes power

3
Main Problems in the Church

1. Illiterate Priests
2. Popes with questionable morals
3. Bishops and abbots cared more about their Feudal
   duties than the spiritual
4. Priests with wives and children
5. Simony- bishops selling positions
6. Lay investiture

4
Reforms and Church Organization

• Popes Leo and Greg- enforced laws against simony
  and married priests
• Restructured
• Resembled a kingdom
• Papal Curia- the popes group of advisors
• Acted as a court
• Developed Canon law
• Tithes
• 1/10 of the yearly income
• Used to perform social services- hospitals

5
The Crusades
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The Crusades

• Goals
• Social- stop attacks, reclaim Palestine for
  Christians
• Political- get rid of knights who threatened
  peace in the kingdoms
• Economic- younger sons of knights seeking
  fortunes, cash loans to finance the journey,
  control of trade routes

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1st and 2nd Crusades

1. 1097- three armies of knights and people gathered
   outside Constantinople- not prepared for climate
   and had no plan, no leader
2. 1099- army of 12,000 managed to capture Jerusalem
   and a small strip of land
3. 1144- Muslims captured a key city- 2nd Crusade
   began
4. 1187-Jerusalem captured by Saladin

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3rd Crusade

1. Three Kings- Phillip II (France), Barbarossa
   (German Emperor) and Richard the Lionhearted
   (England) --- arguments and death left Richard
   alone
2. Saladin- Kurdish Warrior and Muslim leader-
   admired by many westerners
3. Result-Truce in 1192 Jerusalem under Muslim
   control, but unarmed Christians could visit.

9
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles

• Causes- 4th Crusade failed, looting of
  Constantinople by knights, religious spirit
  faded- most were out for their own gain.
• The Childrens Crusade
• French-led by a 12 year old, 30,000 children
• Germany- 20,000 children
• Results- many died from cold or starvation, lost
  at sea, sold into slavery- only 2,000 returned
  home

10
The Spanish Crusade

1. 1100s-Muslims (Moors) controlled much of Spain
2. Reconquista- long effort to drive out Muslims
3. 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella gain control of
   Grenada (island) the last Muslim controlled
   territory

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Spanish Inquisition

1. To unify Spain and increase their power I and F
   used the court of the church to suppress heresy
2. Heretics- people whos religious beliefs differed
   from the Roman Catholic Church (Muslims and Jews)
3. 1492- all Jews and Muslims were gone from Spain

12
Effects of the Crusades

1. Women-chance to manage estates or operate
   businesses
2. Merchants- expanded trade- imported spices,
   fruits, and cloth
3. Pope- weakened his power and nobles- increased
   the power of kings
4. Muslims- intolerance and prejudice of Christians
   left a legacy of bitterness and hatred- still in
   effect today
5. Jews-time of increased persecution in Europe and
   poor relationships in Muslim regions

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14
Jerusalem in the Middle Ages
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Vezalay The town and monastery reached the
height of their glory when in Vézelay St. Bernard
called for the Second Crusade, in an oration
heard by King Louis VII of France and a great
number of nobles on March 31, 1146. Vézelay was
also the site of the rendezvous between kings
Philippe IV of France and Richard I of England as
they embarked on the Third Crusade.
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The Formation of Western Europe

• Changes in Medieval Society
• Chapter 14 Section 1

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A Growing Food Supply

• Switch to Horsepower
• In the past - farmers used oxen (not real fast)
• Switched to horses that could do 3 times as much
  work in the same amount of time.
• Harness was improved

• Three Field System
• In the past used a two-field system, where they
  only used 50 (1/2) of their land.
• The three-field system allowed farmers to use
  67 (2/3)of their land, thereby producing more.

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The Guilds

• Functions of the Guild
• Set standards of quality
• Train Apprentices
• Carried goods to local regions

• Definition organization of individuals in the
  same business who work together to improve
  economic and social conditions for it members

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Guilds Cont

• Examples of Guilds
• Bakers
• Wine makers
• Glass makers
• Tailors
• Druggist
• Wheelwrights

• To be a member
• Started as an APPRENTICE
• Moved to a JOURNEYMAN
• Become a MASTER
• Masterpiece

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Commercial Revolution

• Definition
• Expansion of TRADE and BUSINESS

21
Commercial Revolution

• Business and Banking
• Due to the mass travel or merchants and traders
  checks and credit became a means of moving money.
• Lending also became prevalent

• Fairs and Trade
• Took place mainly in towns
• Peasant from manors would travel to buy, sell,
  and trade
• Items cheese, bacon, wine, glass, salt, leather,
  dyes, knives, ropes, honey
• Crusades opened up trade routes

22
Effects of the Commercial Revolution

• Increased the power of the king
• More money was available for building businesses
• Workers were paid for labor

23
Urban Life

• Population began to grow.
• Towns were small, but there were lots of them.
• Towns were FILTHY.
• People were not content to live on the manor, so
  they moved to towns.

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Revival of Learning

• Result of the Crusades
• Muslims were very educated
• Aided with the writing of the Greek philosophers
• Vernacular Common language of a place or region
• Scholastics men who studied together at the
  great universities
• Thomas Aquinas Argued for religious ideas that
  could be proved with logic, favored the GREEKS.

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England and France Develop

• Chapter 14 Section 3

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Invasions

• For Centuries Anglos and Saxons invaded England
  and stayed creating the Anglo-Saxon culture
• 800s Vikings were turned back by King Alfred
  the Great who named the territory England
• 1016 Danish King united Vikings and Anglo-Saxons
  into one people
• 1042- King Edward the Confessor took the throne
• 1066 Edward died without an heir

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The Norman Conquestthe last invasion

• William the Conquer- cousin of Edward- invaded
  and claimed the throne
• Harold Godwinson- Anglo-Saxon who also claimed
  the throne
• Battle of Hastings- At stake was whether Normans
  of Anglo-Saxons would rule England Result
  Harold died. William became king THE NORMANS
  CONTROLLED ENGLAND
• William took Englands land, kept 1/5, and
  divided the rest (feudalism)

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Goals of English Kings

• 1. Hold and gain French lands
• Marriage- Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine
  This made him a king and a vassal to the
  French King
• 2. Strengthen their power over nobles and the
  church

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Juries and Common Law

• King Henry II
• Sent judges to all parts of England
• Collect taxes
• Settle law suits
• Punish crime

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Juries and Common Law (Cont.)

• Introduced juries to English courts
• 12 loyal neighbors of the accused
• Answered questions about the crime
• Only could be used by the royal courts
• Formed Common Law jury decisions formed a
  unified body of law that are still the basis for
  laws in most English speaking countries today.

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Leading up to the Magna Carta

• Henry II- Richard the Lionhearted-John
  Softsword-Edward I
• John lost Normandy, took away town charters,
  alienated the church, and raised taxes. taxation
  without representation
• Nobles revolted and forced him to sign the Magna
  Chart on June 15, 1215!

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The Magna Charta

• Guaranteed certain political rights
• No taxation without representation
• A jury trial
• Equal protection under the law
• Intended to defend the rights of Nobles
• In time extended to all citizens

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More Steps Toward Democracy

• Edward I needed more money- raise taxes
• Called knights, lords, bishops, and burgesses
  (people with wealth) from all over England in
  November 1295 to form the Model Parliament.
• 1300s-1400s- Parliament divided into two houses
  (Lords and House of Commons) served to check the
  kings power and strengthen democracy

34
The Capetians in France

• Capetian Dynasty began when the last Carolingian
  (remember Charlemagne) died and Hugh Captet took
  over France.
• Capetian rulers secured French unity and
  increased their power over 300 years.
• Phillip II (Remember the Crusader who fought with
  Richard) sought to weaken English Kings power
  in France- succeeded under John (remember the
  Softsword)-

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Democracy in France????

• Phillip created courts in France
• Henry IX (Phillips grandson) created a French
  appeals court- strengthened his power
• Phillip IV- began to call members of society
  (including commoners) together to make decisions
  and gain support for his policies forming the
  Estates General
• First Estate Church Leaders
• Second Estate Nobles
• Third Estate - Commoners

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Conflict and Disaster Chapter 14 Section4

• The Church Divided
• The 100 Years War
• The Bubonic Plague

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A Church Divided The Great Schism

• CAUSE Thru a series of situations the Roman
  Catholic Church ended up with two popes. (One in
  Italy and the other in France)
• The division (or schism) was over which one
  should be the pope.
• This weakened the power of the church (Lost some
  of their credibility.)

38
John Wycliffe

1. Who English preacher
2. Stated Jesus Christ was the head of the
   church, not the Pope.
3. His complaint Church was worldly, and pope had
   too much authority

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The Hundred Years War

• Lasted from 1337 1453
• Fighting was off and on, not continuous
• Who England v. France
• Central Issue The Throne of France
• Weapon that altered everything was the longbow

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The Hundred Years War Cont

• Longbow The Machine Gun of the Middle Ages
• English developed it
• Description about 6 feet tall, cheap to make,
  easy to carry
• Lethal Aspects Accurate to about 200 yards,
  average archer could shoot about 14 arrows per
  minute
• The French were still using crossbows, which made
  the battles even more lopsided.

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The Hundred Years War Cont

• French Heroine
• Joan of Arc French Teenager
• Background Had visions that she should lead the
  French Army
• The Army followed her, and won several battles,
  and guided the French to victory
• Condemned as a witch, and burned at the stake

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Impact of the Hundred Years War

• Nationalism emerged in the two countries
  --NATIONAL IDENTITIES WERE FORMED
• Power of the French monarch evolved
• English suffered internal turmoil

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The Bubonic Plague
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The Bubonic Plague Cont

• When 1300s
• Where Europe, Asia, North Africa
• Fathers and mothers refused to nurse or assist
  their children.
• Black Death B/C of the bluish/black spots
  that developed on the victims skin
• Followed the trade routes from the east
• 75 of those who caught the disease died

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The Bubonic Plague Cont
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The Bubonic Plague Cont

• Symptoms of the Black Death
• Painful boils on the skin (armpits groin)
• Black and Purple Spots on the skin
• High fever, chills, delirium
• DEATH!
• Effects of the Black Death
• 50 million dead
• Population reduction
• Trade went down
• Contributed to the ending of Medieval Society