?a???s

1
?a???sµ??p???s? ? ????s? t?? ??e?????
S?st?µat??

• ??a??a?t???? ???f?? ??e????? ??????µ????
  ????????s?? ? ?µpe???a t?? ?at?????? ?µe?????
• ???te?? ?a?ep?st?µ??, 26 ??eµß???? 2014
• T???O??S ???????S
• ?µ?µa ??µ?s?a? ??????s??, ???te?? ?a?ep?st?µ??
• ??st?t??t? ?????????? ??e???? ??µ?t??? ?p?ts??

2
?p?µ????? ???t?µata

• 1. ? d?e???? ????????s? p????e? t? e????? ?,
  ?st?, t? d?e???? ?fe???-e??µe??a (e?f?asµ??? se
  ????? ?ata????s?? a?? µ???da apas?????µe???
  e??as?a?)
• 2. ?? ep?pt?se?? t?? d?e????? eµp?????
  s??a?t??ta? µe t? ßa?µ? pa???sµ??p???s??
• 3. ?p?????? e?????? ??????µ?e?, ?? ?p??e? ?????
  ?????? ?a a?a??t?s??? e?a??a?t???? µ??f??
  eµp?????-d?e????? ????????s??

3
? ?e?t???? T?s? t?? ????a???? ??????µ????
?p?st?µ?? ?a? ????t????

• ?s? pe??ss?te?? ? ape?e?????s? t?? d?e?????
  eµp????? a??????e?/?p??eta? t?/st? ??µ? t??
  S?????t???? ??e??e?t?µ?t?? (?S?), t?s?
  d?µ????????ta? ?f??? (?ata????s??) ??a ???e µ?a
  ap? t?? s?µµet????se? e?????? ??????µ?e?. ??t? ?
  ape?e?????s? e??a?, ???p??, ?a????? Tet????
  ?????sµat?? (Paul Krugman).
• S?µe??s? st? S.?. St? s????? t?? µetap???s??, ?
  pa?a??????t?ta t?? ?.?. ???a? e??a? t? 5 t??
  pa?a??????t?ta? t?? Ge?µa??a?. St?? ???d? t??
  ??d?s?? e??a? t? 20, e?? st?? ???d? t??
  µetaf?????? µ?s?? e??a? t? 8.1 ? Ge?µa??a ??e?
  ap???t? p?e????t?µa ?a? st??? d?? ???d??? (?a?
  st?? t?µ?a, s???????), a??? ? ?.?. ???a? ??e?
  s?????t??? p?e????t?µa st?? ??d?s?
• ??? (?) / ??? (G) gt ??? (?) / ??? (G)
• 0.20 gt
  0.08

4

• ??? ???????????S?!
• Se ???e ep??? ?? ??µ?? t?? d?e???? ??????µ????
  s??se?? ?a???????ta? ?ts? ?ste ?a e??p??et???ta?
  ?? s??p?? t?? ???a? p?? e??a? t?te ? p?? d??at?
  ?a? p?? ??e? ?a ap???µ?se? ta pe??ss?te?a ?f???
  ap? a?t?? t?? e?d??? t?? ??????µ???? s??se??.
• Joan Robinson

5
???? ??S?G?S?S

• 1. ?a?µ?? ??e????? ??????µ???? ????????s??
• 2. Te???µata ???t???? t?? ????a???? Te???a?
  ??e????? ?µp?????
• 3. ??e???? ??ta????sµ??, ?????? ???pt??? ?a?
  ?a?µ?? ????????s??
• 4. S?µpe??sµata

6
1. ?a?µ?? ??e????? ??????µ???? ????????s?? ?p?
t? ?S? st? ??µ? t?? ?p???t?? ??e??e?t?µ?t?? (???)
S????? ? ?p???t? ?s??? t?? ?S? S????? ?? ?S? ? ??? S????? ? S????? ? S????? ?? S????? ?? S????? ??
S????? ? ?p???t? ?s??? t?? ?S? S????? ?? ?S? ? ??? ??S ?? ?? ??? ??
??e??e?? ?µp???? µeta?? ?????
????? ?µp????? ????t???
??e??e?? ?eta????s? ???µat???? ?efa?a??? ?a? ???at???? ???aµ????
????? ??µ?sµa
???a?a ??????µ??? ????t???
7
2. ?as??? Te???µata ???t???? t?? ????a????
Te???a? ?a? ????t???? ??e????? ?µp?????

• ?. ?? ßas???µe?? st? ?S? e?e??e?? eµp???? ?d??e?
  ?at a?????? st?? e?a??st?p???s? t?? ??st???
  pa?a?????, ?a?, ??a, st?? µe??st?p???s? t??
  p?s?st?? ???d??? se ???e ???a. ?µ??, de? ?d??e?
  ?at a?????? se µe??st?p???s? ?, a??µa ?a?, se
  a???s? t?? ?f?????-e??µe??a? se µ?a ???a.
  ????sta, e??a? d??at?? ?a s?µe???eta? µe??s? t??
  ?f????? se ??e? t?? ???e?.
• II. ? efa?µ??? s?ed??p???µ???? ?a? d?e????
  s??t???sµ???? dasµ???????? (?a?, ?e????,
  eµp??????) p???t???? µp??e? ?a a?t?st???e? t??
  ?at?stas?, d?µ???????ta? aµ??ßa?a ?f??? ap? t?
  eµp????.

8

• ??I. ?? ßas???µe?? st? ?S? e?e??e?? eµp???? de?
  p????e? ?at a?????? t? s?????s? t?? ????? se
  ????? ?ata??µ?? t?? e?s?d?µat?? ?? Te???µa
  ???s?s?? t?? ?µ??ß?? t?? S??te?est?? ?a?a?????
  de? ?s??e?.
• ?V. ?ta? ??a ta ???d? ap?taµ?e???ta?, t?
  ßas???µe?? st? ?S? e?e??e?? eµp???? ?d??e? ?at
  a?????? st?? µe??st?p???s? t?? ?f????? se ???e
  ???a. ?p??e? de ?a s?µßad??e? µe t?? e???e??? t??
  a?e???a?. ???fa???, ?µ??, ? a????? p???p??es? de?
  p??s?d???e? st? ?efa?a????at??? s?st?µa.

9

• V. ?s? p?? e?e??e?? e??a? t? eµp????, t?s?
  ap????sta????eta? se
• (i). ??d???ad??? eµp???? s???et?? ß??µ??a?????
  eµp??e?µ?t?? a??µesa se ???e? ?????? ep?p?d??
  a??pt????.
• (ii). ??a??ad??? eµp???? pa?ad?s?a???
  eµp??e?µ?t?? a??µesa se ???e? µ?s?? ?a? ?aµ????
  ep?p?d?? a??pt????.
• (iii). ??a??ad??? eµp???? a??µesa se ???e? ??????
  ep?p?d?? a??pt???? ?a? t?? ?p????pe? s???eta
  ß??µ??a???? eµp??e?µata ??a?t? pa?ad?s?a???
  eµp??e?µ?t??.2
• ??a, t? e?e??e?? d?e???? eµp???? p????e?
  ??????t?a (ß??pe (i)-(ii)) ?a? ???et? (ß??pe
  (iii)) p???s? st? d?e???? s?st?µa.3

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3. ??e???? ??ta????sµ??, ?????? ???pt??? ?a?
?a?µ?? ????????s??

• 3.1. ??e???? ??ta????sµ?? ?st? pj (p.?. ) ?
  t?µ? e??? ?p????d?p?te eµp??e?µat?? j st? d?e???
  a????, ?a? ?st? pj (p.?. ) ? t?µ? t?? st?
  es?te???? µ?a? ???a?. ?p????µe ?a ??????µe
  (ap??p????ta? a??? µ? ?????ta? t?? ??s?a)
• pj
  (wj / ?j ) (1 i) (1)
• Ta p??pe? ?a ?s??e?
• (pj / ?)
  pj , ?p?? ? /
• ?, ?aµß????ta? ?p??? t?? e??s?s? (1),
• (wj / ?j ) (1 / ?) (1 i) pj
  (2)
• ? ?aµß????ta? ?p??? ?a? t?? ep?ß??? dasµ??,
• (wj / ?j ) (1
  i) ? pj (1 tj) (3)

11

• S?µp??asµa ?? e?? t? eµp??e?µa j ?a pa???eta? ?
  ??? e??????? ?a?????eta? ap? p??te pa?????te?
  (ß??pe e??s?s? (3)), ?t??
• 1. ??? dasµ? tj (?-?µp????? ????t???).
• 2. ?? ep?t???? i (?-??µ?sµat??? ????t???).
• 3. ?? s??a??a?µat??? ?s?t?µ?a E (?-S??a??a?µat???
  ????t???).
• 4. ?? ???µ?s??? wj (?-??s?d?µat??? ????t???).
• 5. ??? pa?a??????t?ta ?j (?-??a????t????
  ????t????).
• ?at? µ???? a??pt???? t?? d?e?????? ????????s??,
  ?? 4 p??t?? pa?????te? at?????, ??a?-p???-??a?
  (ß??pe 1), ?a?, te????, ap?µ??e? µ???? ??a?
  pa?????ta? ? pa?a??????t?ta. G?a ?a ?p???e?
  e?????a pa?a???? t?? eµp??e?µat?? j p??pe? ?
  e?????a pa?a??????t?ta ?a e??a?, t??????st??, st?
  ???? t?? d?e?????. ???pe?, d??ad?, ?a ?p???e?
  ?p???t? ??e????t?µa. ??a, pa?e? ? ?s??? t?? ?S?.

12

• ?st?, ??a pa??de??µa, ? pe??pt?s? t?? ?????
  ?pe?-?a???sµ??p???s??, d??. t?? ????
• ?asµ?? ?at????s?
• ?p?t???? ????s? ?efa?a???-???
• S??a??a?µat??? ?s?t?µ?a
  ????? ??µ?sµa
• ??a, ap?µ??e? µ???? t? µ??e??? wj / ?j.
  ?a?µ?a?a, ???? µeta??ste?s??, ?a d?aµ??f??e? ??a
  d?e???? e??a?? wj, ?p?te ?a ap?µe??e? µ???? t? ?j
  (???).4 ???? t? pa???, ?µ??, a? d??µe d??
  ??af?µata, ta ?p??a af????? st??? µ?s??? e???????
  ?????? wj / ?j se ???e? t?? ????? t?? ????,5 ?a?
  ???e ???? pa?? a?t?f?s???? st?? a????s? µa?

13
??se? ?a?a??????t?te? ???as?a?-??sa O??µ?s??a ??
p??? t?? Ge?µa??a? ???-???? (?t?? 1995)
14
??se? ?a?a??????t?te? ???as?a?-??sa O??µ?s??a ??
p??? t?? Ge?µa??a? ??t??-???? (?t?? 2005)
15

• 3.2. ?????? ???pt???
• ?????? ?a?a??????t?ta ?.
  ??ta????st???t?ta ??a?????
• ??e????
  ??t?s?
• ???a??sµ?? S??e?t???? ??t??t?ta?
  Verdoorn-Kaldor-Thirlwall
• ???e? e?e?d??e?µ??e? (ß?se? t?? ?S?) se
  pa?ad?s?a?? eµp??e?µata ?a?a?t??????ta? ap?
  s?et??? ?aµ????? ???µ??? a???s?? t?? e?a?????.
  ??a, ?a? t?? p?????t??, t?? pa?a??????t?ta?, t??
  a?ta????st???t?ta?, ?a?, te????, e????ß????ta? se
  ??a? fa??? ?????. ?s? de pe??ss?te?? s?µµet?????
  st?? ?efa?a????at??? d?e??? ????????s?, t?s?
  µe?????ta? ?? d??at?t?te? e??d?? ap? a?t?? t??
  ????? (ß??pe ?a? 3.1).6

16
4. S?µpe??sµata

• S1. ? d?ad????? ape?e?????s? t?? eµp?????, t??
  ????s?? t?? ???µat???? ?efa?a??? ?a?, t????, t??
  ????s?? t?? e??at???? d??aµ???? de? ?fe?e? ??te
  ??e? t?? ???e? ??te ??e? t?? ?????????? t??e??.
  Ofe?e? t?? ???e? ?????? a??pt???? ?a? ??µ???e?,
  st? es?te???? ???? t?? ?????, t??? µ?s??t???.7
• S2. Se s?????e? pa???sµ??p???s??, ?? a????
  ??????µ???? p???t???? t?? ????? ?aµ???? ?a? µ?s??
  a??pt????, ?? ?p??e? ?p?ßa?µ????ta?, ????? ??????
  ?a epe?e??ast??? e?a??a?t??? p??t?pa e??????
  a??pt???? ?a?, e? s??e?e?a, d?e????? s??e??as?a?.8

17

• S3. ??? t? ??t??µe?? e??a? ? s?st?µat???
  µe??st?p???s? t?? ?????????? e??µe??a?, se
  s??d?asµ? µe t?? e???e??? t?? a?e???a?, ? e? ????
  epe?e??as?a de? µp??e? pa?? ?a e????e? ?a? ap?
  t?? aµf?sß?t?s? (t??????st??) t?? ?pa??t??,
  ?efa?a????at???? s??se?? pa?a?????.

18
?p?µ????

• Se ??a ????? µ??, t? ?p??? d?µ?s?e?t??e p??? ap?
  15 ?????a (? ???? ??e???? ?ataµe??sµ?? ???as?a?,
  ???µß???? 1999),9 p???ß?epa d?? p???µata p??t??,
  t?? ??e?s? t?? ??? st? ??t? t?? ????? t?? ????
  (µe 1? ?p???f?a t?? ????da) ?a?, de?te???, t?
  s??t???sµ??? µ?-e??????µµ?s? ????? ?aµ???? ?a?
  µ?s?? a??pt???? µe t?? ?de?????a (?, a?????, ta
  a?ap?de??ta ?e???µata) t?? pa???sµ??p???s??.
  St?? ?p???ßa??a?? S?µµa??a ??a t??? ?a??? t??
  ?µe????? µa? fa??eta? ?t? s???e?t?????ta?
  p?????µ??a ?a?a?t???st??? a?t?? t??
  µ?-e??????µµ?s??. ? µe??t? t?? ??e?, ep?µ????,
  a?t?st????, d?p?? s?µas?a.