Memory

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Memory
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Lesson 4 Core Study
Homework please!

• BATs
• Explain the serial position effect (C/D)
• Describe Terrys experiment in the recall of TV
  commercials (D)
• Outline the limitations of Terrys study (B)

Homework Answer questions Activity 2.9 p 27
(qu3 say who the sample was not the number) .
Finish activity 2.10 - Try out experiment on
people and record results in a line graph like
the one on p26.
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Levels of Processing experiment homework

• Share your results with your partners
• Did you get similar results?
• Did they match those of Craik and Lockhart?

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A Memory Experiment

• Shortly, you will be shown a series of items.
• Watch carefully, as you will be asked to recall
  as many of them as you can at the end of the
  presentation.
• You can write which items you remember on a piece
  of paper, but should not write anything as you go
  along.
• When you come to recall the items, you can write
  them down in any order that you want.

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• Remember to watch carefully!
• When you are ready, the presentation will begin

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• End of
• Presentation

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• What can you remember?

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• People tend to remember the first few items in a
  list.
• This is known as the primacy effect.

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• People tend to remember the last few items in a
  list.
• This is known as the recency effect.

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• People tend not to remember the items that occur
  in the middle of a list.
• These findings are also described as the serial
  position effect. In other words, the serial
  position of an item in a list (e.g. whether its
  1st, 2nd, 3rd, last, etc) affects the chance of
  it being remembered.

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A graph to demonstrate the serial position effect
recency effect
primacy effect
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• Fill in the definitions of primacy and recency
  effect in your glossary
• Look back at the Multi Store Model of memory.
  In pairs discuss
• How does the MSM help to explain the serial
  position effect? (B/C)

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Question Why does the primacy effect happen?

• Answer Because the first few items are ________
  and _______ to ____ _____ memory. This means they
  are _______ for recall at the end of the
  presentation.

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Question Why does the primacy effect happen?

• Answer Because the first few items are rehearsed
  and transfer to long term memory. This means they
  are available for recall at the end of the
  presentation.

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Question Why does the recency effect happen?

• Answer Because the last few items are still in
  _____ ____ memory and have not yet _______. This
  is why people often try to remember them first,
  otherwise they will be lost.

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Question Why does the recency effect happen?

• Answer Because the last few items are still in
  short term memory and have not yet decayed. This
  is why people often try to remember them first,
  otherwise they will be lost.

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Question Why are items in the middle of a list
often forgotten?

• Answer
• Because people are busy rehearsing the first few
  items they cannot give enough _________ to the
  middle items.
• Because by the time people reach the end of the
  list the middle items have _______.
• Because the middle items have also been
  __________ by the later items that have come into
  ______ _____ memory.

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Question Why are items in the middle of a list
often forgotten?

• Answer
• Because people are busy rehearsing the first few
  items they cannot give enough attention to the
  middle items.
• Because by the time people reach the end of the
  list the middle items have decayed.
• Because the middle items have also been displaced
  by the later items that have come into short term
  memory.

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Question What would happen if you were shown a
series of items but were not allowed to recall
them straight away? Instead, you had to count
backwards for 30 seconds (a distracter task).
How many of the pictures can you remember now?

• Answer
• You would tend to remember the first few items
  still because they get rehearsed into long term
  memory.
• However, the distracter task would stop you
  from recalling items from short term memory. You
  would lose the recency effect.
• The task would probably displace any items left
  in the STM. Even if it didnt, all items should
  have decayed by the end of the task.

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Core StudyIn Memory

• Terry (2005)
• Serial Position Effects in
• Recall of Television
• Commercials

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Aim

• Terrys aim was to show that the serial position
  effect occurs when people are presented with a
  series of television commercials.

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Hypothesis

• (i) He predicted that if he showed participants a
  block of television commercials then, on average,
  the earlier and later ones would be recalled more
  than the middle ones.
• (ii) He also predicted that if he delayed recall
  of the commercials, only the earlier ones would
  be recalled well.

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Method

• Terry used an experiment, with a repeated
  measures design. Participants were shown a block
  of commercials in both conditions.
• In Condition 1, they were asked to recall the
  products they had seen (in any order they wanted)
  immediately after presentation.
• In Condition 2, they were asked to recall the
  products they had seen (in any order they wanted)
  after a delay of 3 mins (where they did a written
  task).

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Method

• There were 15 commercials in a block.
• All commercials were 15 or 30 seconds in length.
• Commercials were 10 months old on average.
• Commercials were presented in a different order
  depending on participant.

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Results
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Results

• As the graph shows, when participants were able
  to recall the television commercials immediately
  there was a primacy effect and a recency effect.
• However, when participants recall was delayed
  there was a primacy effect but no recency effect.

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Conclusion

• The first few commercials were well remembered in
  both conditions because participants had the time
  and capacity to rehearse them, and store them in
  long term memory.

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Conclusion

• The last few commercials were remembered well in
  the immediate condition because they were still
  held in short-term memory.
• The last few items were remembered poorly in the
  delayed condition because they had been
  displaced by the distracter task and/or had
  decayed over the duration of the task.

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Fill in the summary sheet for Terrys experiment
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Evaluation
Add these evaluation points to the sheet

• The experiment took place in a laboratory using
  an artificial taskso findings may lack
  ecological validity.
• The experiment only measured memory through
  recall of television commercialsso had low
  construct validity (did not reflect how we
  remember in other situations).
• Participants may have deduced the aim of the
  studyand responded to demand characteristics.

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Over to you ..
Try this out on people at home. Why will it be
more valid than in the class?

• Do activity 2.10 p 27
• Use the table provided to record your results.
• How will you make this as reliable and valid as
  possible?

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Homework

• Activity 2.9 p 27 (qu3 say who the sample was
  not the number) .
• Finish activity 2.10 - Try out experiment on
  people and record results in a line graph like
  the one on p26.