?T???? ???S???? ??????????? S???? ?F????S???O? ??T/?O?

1
?T???? ???S???? ??????????? S???? ?F????S???O?
??T/?O? F?S??O? ???S???O?

• ???TO??S??S
• ?? ??O?? S????? ????????S ??? S???????S

????/?? ?at?a?? ?????? ???????O? ?.
?apa?t???p?????
2
HOT BIG BANGt? ?a??e??µ??? ??sµ??????? µ??t???
(SBB)

• ????????S???? ????????
• ??ast??? t?? S?µpa?t?? ap? t?? Hubble
• (?? ?a?a??e? ap?µa??????ta? µe ta??t?te?
  a?????e? t?? ap?stas?? t???)
• ???????µat??? ??t???ß???a ?p?ß?????

• ???????????S ?????????S
• ? d?ast??? t?? s?µpa?t??
• ? ?pa??? ?a? t? f?sµa t?? ??sµ???? a?t???ß???a?
  ?p?ß?????
• ? af????a e?af??? st???e???
• ?t? ded?µ???? t?? a??µa???? t?? CMBR ?p??
  ?ata???f??a? ap? t?? COBE, ?p???e? ??a??p???t???
  e????s? ??a t?? a??pt??? t?? d?µ?? st? s?µpa?

3
????G??F? ??? SBB

• ??S????G??? ???? S?µpa? ?µ??e???
  ?s?t??p???
• 4-d??stat?? ?????????? pe?????feta? ap? t?
  µet???? Robertson- Walker

r, ?, f comoving p?????? s??t/?e? , t
??????, a pa?????ta? ???µa?a?, k
?aµp???t?ta ????? ??a ??e?st? (kgt0) , ep?ped?
(k0) ? a????t? (klt0) S?µpa?
F?s??? ap?stas? a x comov. distance
???SOS??S ??? ????G??F??? ?? ???S???? ???s?s?
s????e?a? ???s?s? Friedmann
4
??????????S ??T???O????? ????????

• ?µ??????e?a µe????? ???µa?a?
• (p??ß??µa ??????ta)
• ?p?ped?t?ta ?????
• ?? p??ß??µa t?? µ???p????
• ???? ????????O? 1 sec µet? t? Big Bang

5
???????? ????????

• ???a e??a? ? p????e?s? t?? ?µ???µ??f?a? t?? CMB

• ??t???ß???a ap? a?t?a?? as??dete? pe?????? e??a?
  ?µ???µ??f? se a?a????a 1/10000
• ?at? t? µ??t??? BB, ? CMB t?? 2.7 ? e?p?µf???e
  380.000 yr µet? t? µe???? ??????
• a????ep?d?as? pe?????? p?? ap?????
• µ???? 2? ?? p??? t? G?
• CMB a?aµ??eta? a??µ????e??? ?a? µe
  ?????d? µ??f? ???µa?a? 2?

6
???????? ???????????S

• S?et??? µe t?? t?µ? t?? pa?aµ. p????t?ta?
  (t????? t?µ? )
• ??a e????st? a??a?? st?? p????t?ta t?? s?µpa?t??
  ?at? t?? ????? Planck ?a e??e a????e? d?ast???
  t?? e?????? t?? s?µpa?t??.
• ?? t? s?µpa?
  ?a
• ?ta? ??e?st? ????ta? ?ata??e?se? ?????de?
• ?????a p???.
• ?? t?
  s?µpa? ?a
• ?ta? a????t? µe aµe??t?a p????t?ta e????e?a?.
• ???t?µa p?? p????pte? ??? e??????ta? ??
• t?s? ?µa???, µ? f?s???? a?????? s?????e?

7
???????? ???????O?

• ?p?s?µ?????e t? 1979 ap? t?? John Preskill
• ? ???s? t?? pa?ad?s?a??? ??sµ?????a? µe t?? GUTs
  ??e? sa? ap?t??esµa p???? µa???t??? µ???p??a
• ????p??a ?pe?ßa??a s?µat?d?a µe µ???? e?e???
  d?at?µ?
• ??µ????????ta? ap? t? a????µ?t? sp?s?µ? t??
  s?µµet??a?, µ?a? ?µ?da? se ?p??µ?da p?? pe????e?
  U(1)
• ??ap?fe??t? p??ß??µa ??a ???e GUT (pa?at????µe??
  s?µµet??a SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) )

8
??S?GOG? ???TO??S???

• ??s???? t? 1981 ap? t?? A. Guth
• ?p???e? t??? ??sµ????????? ???f???
• ?e? a?t??a??st? t? SBB µ??t??? a??? t?
  s?µp?????e?
• ?as??eta? st?? ?pa??? ?atast?se?? µe ?????
  e?e??e?a?? p????t?ta ? ?p??a de? e?att??eta? µe
  µe???? ta??t?ta

???S??S ???TO??S??? ? pe???d?? ?at? t?? ?p??a ?
pa?????ta? ???µa?a? t?? S?µpa?t?? ep?ta???eta?
9
ALAN GUTH????? ???TO??S???? ???????

• ???????sµ?? µet?ßas? ap? t? ?e?d?? st? a?????
  ?e??
• ?? ?e?d??e?? ??e? e??t??? ßa??t??? ep?d?as?
• ? ßa??t?ta t?? ?e?d??e??? s???de?eta? ap?
  te??st?a
• a???t??? p?es?
• ? a???t??? p?es? ?pe????? t? ßa??t?ta
• ? p????pt??sa ap?st??? d??aµ? d??e? p??????st???
• ???s? (d?p?as?asµ?? µe?????? S?µpa?t?? ???e 10-37
  sec)
• ?? ?e?d??e?? ap?d?e?e??eta? µe d?a??µ??se??

• Fa???µe?? ?p??????? sta ped?a Higgs (ta
  s?µat?d?a µ????? se ?at?stas? ?e?d??e???, ?a? ?
  s?µµet??a sp?e? ?ta? ?ataf????? ?a ft?s??? st??
  ?at?stas? a?????? ?e???)

10
????? HIGGS ???TO??S??S

• ?pe????? µet?pt?s?? f?s?? ap?t??pe? t??
  ?ata???sµ? t?? µa???t???? µ???p????
• G?a ? ßa??t?ta
  ap??????eta? ap? t?? ???e? d???µe??
• G?a ? ?s???? p???????
  ap??????eta? ap? t?? ??e?t?as?e?? ?e???a
• S?µe?? e?????s?? t?? ?e???a? t?? Guth µet?ßas?
  Higgs (d??spas? GUTs).
• ???te??e ?t? ? d?ata?a?? t?? GUTs e??a? µet?ßas?
  ap? t? ?e?d??e?? st? a????? ?e??, ??a
• ?e?d??e?? ?at?stas? st?? ?p??a ta ped?a Higgs
  e??a? µ?de???? a??? µe te??st?a p????t?ta
  e????e?a?
• ?????? ?e?? ?a ped?a Higgs de? e??a? µ?de????
  a??? µe e????st? p????t?ta e????e?a?

11
?? ????? INFLATON

• ??a??a?a ? a???t??? p?es? ??a t?? ??a???
  p??????sµ??.
• ?? ßa?µ?t? ped?? f f(t) p?? t?? p??sf??e?
  ???µ??eta? inflaton. ?? a?t?st???? d??aµ???
  s?µß????eta? µe V(f).
• ?????????S????
• ?a??µ??? µe ped?? Higgs a??? t? d????aµµa
  e?e??e?a??? p????t?ta? p?? ep?ped?.
• ?? ?e?d??e?? ap?te?e?ta? ap? ped?? inflaton
• ?ta? t? inflaton µeta?????e? se ?aµ???te??
  e?e??e?a?? st??µ? t? ?e?d??e?? d?asp?ta?
• ?? d??aµ??? t?? inflaton ?a?????eta? ap? t??
  s??s?
• ?? s??????? µ??e??? t?? p??????sµ?? e??a?

12
?????S? ??? ??????????S ???????????S

• ?p?d?as? ßa??t?ta? a?t?st??feta? ?at? t??
  p??????sµ?
• 
  
• ?a??? ta ?, a a??????ta? µe te??st?? ???µ?

??a O -gt 1 ( a?t? ?a ap?µa????eta? ap? t? 1 ?p??
s?µßa??e? st?? ?p????p? ?st???a t??
S?µpa?t??) Fa???µe?? a?????? e??? µpa?????? p??
f??s???e? S?µp??asµa de ??e???eta? ?a ???s??µe
a???µat??? ?t? t? S?µpa? ?e????se µe O ???t? st?
µ???da
13
?????S? ??????????S ???????O?
?????S? ??? ??????????S ????????

• ???? t?? p??????sµ? t? µ??e??? t?? S?µpa?t??
  e??a? p??? µ????te?? ap? ?t? p??ß??pe? ? ?e???a
  S?B.
• ??ast??? a?t?? µe ta??t?ta µe?a??te?? t?? f?t??
  (e?? ? ??????ta? ?e????t?? d?e????eta? µe t??
  ta??t?ta t?? f?t??).
• ?? a?t?a?? s??dedeµ??e? pe?????? d?e??????ta? se
  pe?????? µe?a??te?e? ap? t?? ap?stas? Hubble.
• ?µ???µ??f?a t?? ?e?µ???as?a? e??a? f?s???
  s???pe?a t?? p??????sµ??.

• ?st? ?t? ?p???e µe????? a???µ?? µ???p???? st?
  p???µ? S?µpa?.
• ?? ??at? se µa? S?µpa? ??e? p?????e? ap? t?
  d?ast??? e??? p??a p??? µ????? ?????.
• Stat?st??? ad??at? ?a ?p???e ?st? ?a? ??a
  µ???p??? st? ???? a?t?.

14
?OS S?????? ? ???TO??S??S?

• ? e????e?a t?? ?e?d??e??? p??pe? ?a
• ape?e??e???e? ??a t?? pa?a???? ????
• ? d??spas? t?? ?e?d??e??? a??????
• t?? ß?asµ?? t?? ?e???
• F?sa??de? a?????? ?e??? s??µat????ta? st?
  ?e?d??e??
• ?? t????µ? t??? d?e????eta? µe t?? ta??t?ta t??
  f?t??
• ? e????e?a t?? ?e?d??e??? e??a? s???e?t??µ??? sta
  t????µata ?a? µp??e? ?a d?as???p?ste? ?µ???µ??fa
  µ??? a? a?t? s??????st???
• ???????? GRACEFUL EXIT ? d?e????s? f?sa??d?? de
  µp??e? ?a a?ta????ste? t? d?ast??? t?? S?µpa?t??
  (ta??t?ta µe?a??te?? t?? f?t??) ??a de ?????ta?
  s??????se??.
• ?? µe?a??te?? µ???? t?? e????e?a? t?? S?µpa?t??
  e????ß?sµ??? sta t????µata t?? f?sa??d?? ??a
  ???e??? epa????? e????e?a? ??a ?a a???se? ?
  ?e???? ??????

15
?? ??? ???TO??S???? S??????

• ?p???s? t?? p??ß??µat?? graceful exit ap? t?? A.
  Linde t? 1982
• ? p??????sµ?? s?µßa??e? ?at? t? µet?ßas? t??
  ped??? inflaton ap? t?p??? e????st? ??????
  ?e?µ???as?a? st? e????st? ?aµ???? ?e?µ???as?a?

• ???????? ? ??at? pe????? t?? S?µpa?t??
  pe???aµß??eta? st? es?te???? µ?a? ?a? µ???
  f?sa??da?, ?? a?t? de? pa?at????µe a??µ???µ??f?e?
  ap? t?? s??????se?? t?? t????µ?t??
• ? Linde ?e???se ??a ped?? inflaton µe µ??f?
  pep?at?sµ???? µe????????? ?ap???? µe p?? p?at??
  ?a? ?µa?? ?e?t???? ????f? se s??s? µe t? a?????
  p??t?p?

16
?????S Vs ???S ???TO??S??S
?a??? µ??t???
??? µ??t???
17
??????? ???TO??S???? ???????

• ??s???? ap? t?? A. Linde (p??sp??e?a ap??p???s??
  p??????sµ??)
• ?e? pe???aµß??e? µetapt?se?? f?s??
• ?? inflaton a????? e??a? µetat?p?sµ??? ap? t?
  a????? ?e?? (?ßa?t???? ? ?e?µ???? d?a??µ??se??)
• ? ???? ?a?t??? p????pte? ap? t?? ?a?t???? a??????
  s?????e?
• ???????sµ?? ?a??? t? inflaton µetap?pte? st??
  ?at?stas? e????st?? e?e??e?a??? p????t?ta?

• ???a? p??????sµ?? ?ta? f0 ?a? t? S?µpa?
  a?a?e?µa??eta? ?at? t? s??e??? inflaton µe ???a
  ped?a
• St? s????e?a t? S?µpa? e?e??sseta? s?µf??a µe
  t? SBB
• ? ?a?t???? p??????sµ?? e??a? ??a ?e???? se?????
  p?? µp??e? ?a ??a??p????e? ap? a??et? µ??t??a

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REHEATING (???T?????S?)

• ? ?e???a a????? e?s???? sta p?a?s?a t?? ????
  p??????st???? µ??t????.
• ?????? e??es?? e??? ?e????? µ??t???? reheating.
• 3 f?se?? ??a reheating

• PRE-HEATING
• ?? ta?a?t??µe?? ped?? inflaton f, d?asp?ta? se
  f-s?µ?t?a (de? ß??s???ta? se ?e?µ??? ?s????p?a)
• ??. ???spas? t?? s?µat?d??? t?? f?s?? t??
  preheating
• III. THERMALIZATION
• ?a pa?a??µe?a s?µat?d?a a????ep?d???? ??a ?a
  ?????? se ?e?µ??? ?s????p?a se µ?a ?e?µ???as?a Tr
  (?e?µ???as?a reheating)

19
PRE-HEATING

• G?a f gt ?pl ????µe p??????sµ? (???? t?? ????
  p?? pa??e? t? ???? t?? t??ß??
  st?? e?. ????s?? t?? inflaton)
• G?a f lt ? pl /2 ? ???? ???eta?
  aµe??t??? ?a? t? f µe???eta? ta??tata st?
  e????st? t?? V(f) ?p?? ta?a?t??eta?
• ?? p??t?? t?? ta?a?t?se?? µe???eta? (d?ast??? ,
  µetaf??? e????e?a sta f-s?µ?t?a p?? p????pt???
  ???? ta???t?s??)

???S??S? F-SO??????O?

• ?? inflaton d?asp?ta? se µp?????a ? ?a?
  fe?µ????a ? µe ???µ???
• ? ???µ?? µe??s?? p??t??? s?µp?pte? µe t?
  ???µ? d??spas??

THERMALIZATION
?? reheating ?????????eta? ?ta? to G e??a?
µ????te??? ap? t? ???µ? d?ast????
20
????????S ??T?????S ???TO??S???

• ?? µ??e??? t?? S?µpa?t??
• ? d?ast??? Hubble
• ?p???s? p??ß??µ?t?? ep?ped?t?ta?, µ???p???? ?a?
  ??????ta
• ???s?t??p?a t?? CMB
• ??µ?? µe????? ???µa?a?

21
??? ???S????S?? S?????

• ????? p??ta?e? p???? µ??t??a p??????sµ??
• ? ????t?ta t?? p??????st???? ?e???a? de? ??e?
  ap?de??te? a??µa
• ?p?????? ?s????tate? e?de??e?? ?t? ??p??a µ??f?
  p??????sµ?? e??a? ?pe????? ??a t? S?µpa? st?
  ?p??? ???µe (??se?? p??ß??µ?t?? sbb, ?p?????sµ??
  µe a???ße?a 15 de?ad???? t?? p????t?ta? µ??a? t??
  S?µpa?t??, 1 sec µet? t? ?e???? ??????)

22
??????G??F??

• Lecture Notes in Physics Cotsakis,
  Papantonopoulos
• ?? p??????st??? S?µpa? Alan Guth
• Inflationary universe A possible solution to the
  horizon and flatness problems Alan Guth
• Inflation Eternal Inflation Alan Guth
• Cosmological Inflation Large Scale Structure-
  Andrew Liddle , David Lyth
• Principles of Physical Cosmology P. J. E.
  Peebles
• Accelaration of the Universe Andrew Liddle
• Initial Conditions for Inflation Dalia
  Goldwirth, Tsvi Piran
• An exposition on inflationary cosmology G. S.
  Watson
• The inflationary decade Edward W. Kolb
• Reheating after Inflation Lev. Kofman, Andrei
  Linde, Alexei Starobinsky