Maine

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Maine
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Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century

• Canada
• In 1839, fighting broke out between Maine
  Canada over the disputed Maine border
• Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) settled the
  issue
• The U.S. received ½ the disputed land
• Established a clear border in Maine

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War With Mexico
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Tyler and Texas

• In 1844, President Tyler called for the
  annexation of Texas
• Tyler Calhoun created a propaganda campaign
  that England wanted Texas would end to slavery
  there
• Northern Senators did not fall for it refused
  to ratify the treaty to annex Texas
• Tyler was not nominated by either party in the
  1844 election

Tyler needed to make Texas a campaign issue in
the election of 1844 because he had been kicked
out of the Whig Party hoped to appeal to the
common man
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Polk Texas Annexation
Dark Horse candidate

• In 1844, the Whigs nominated Henry Clay the
  Democrats nominated James Polk
• Polk won on expansionist platform
• Called for Texas annexation
• Called for an end to the joint U.S.-British
  control of Oregon
• Polk Congress interpreted the election as
  mandate for expansion Texas was quickly made a
  state

Appealed to the South
Appealed to the North
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Oregon
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Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century

• Oregon
• U.S. Britain jointly occupied Oregon (Spain
  relinquished its claims to Oregon in the
  Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819)
• Britain claimed a greater stake of Oregon via
  Hudson Bay Co. (fur trade)

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Polk and the Oregon Question
Oregon residents wanted the entire
territory54º40 or fight!

• In 1846, President Polk notified Britain that the
  U.S. wanted full control of Oregon
• England proposed the Senate approved the
  division of Oregon along 49o parallel in 1846
• Benefits the U.S. gained its 1st deep-water port
  in the Pacific Northern abolitionists saw
  Oregon as a balance to slave-state Texas

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Northwest Boundary Dispute
England the U.S. agreed to divide Oregon at the
49o parallel
54 40º or Fight!
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Mexican-American War

• Mexico recognized Texas independence U.S.
  annexation, but disagreed over Texas northern
  border
• In May 1846, Polk sent U.S. General Zachary
  Taylor beyond the Rio Grande River which led to
  the Mexican-American War

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The Mexican-American War
John C Fremont won in California
Zachary Taylor won in northern Mexico
Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico
Winfield Scott captured Mexico City
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Settling the Mexican-American War

• In 1848, U.S. Mexico agreed to the Treaty of
  Guadalupe Hidalgo
• Rio Grande became the U.S. southern border
• The U.S. grew 20 by adding the Mexican
  Cessionpresent-day NM, AZ, CA, Utah, NV, parts
  of CO WY
• Added territory in NM AZ with the Gadsden
  Purchase in 1853

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The Mexican Cession
Not everyone supported the Mexican-American War
Northerners saw it as a Southern slave-power
plot to extend slavery
Whigs opposed it
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Wilmot Proviso

• The 1846 Wilmot Proviso was a bold attempt by
  opponents of slavery to prevent its introduction
  in the territories purchased from Mexico
  following the Mexican War. Named after its
  sponsor, Democratic representative DAVID WILMOT
  of Pennsylvania, the proviso never passed both
  houses of Congress, but it did ignite an intense
  national debate over slavery that led to the
  creation of the antislavery REPUBLICAN PARTY in
  1854.

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California
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Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century

• California
• In 1833, the new Mexican govt awarded land
  grants to rancheros who quickly replaced the
  missionary padres
• In 1830s, the U.S. was eager to enter the cowhide
  trade

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The Bear Flag Republic

• California settlers used John Fremonts
  occupation of California during the
  Mexican-American War as an opportunity to revolt
  from Mexico in 1846

Like Texas, California operated as an independent
nation the California Republic existed for one
month from June 1846 to July 1846 when it was
annexed by the United States
California became a U.S. state as part of the
Compromise of 1850
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The California Gold Rush

• The discovery of gold in 1848 led to a massive
  influx of prospectors in 1849 (the
  forty-niners)
• Few miners struck it rich Real money was in
  supplying miners with food, booze, provisions
• Led to a population boom, agriculture,
  multicultural society in California

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Where the 49ers Came From
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• San Francisco before the gold rush
• San Francisco after the gold rush

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Conclusions The Costs of Expansion
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U.S. Territorial Expansion
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The Costs of Expansion

• The impact of territorial expansion
• Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner noted in the
  1890s that expansion shaped Americans into an
  adventurous, optimistic, democratic people
• But, expansion created sectional conflicts
  between the North South, especially over
  slavery