Chapter 15 : Global Connections

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Chapter 15 Global Connections There are
millions of communities all over the world. Some
of these communities are day to day interactions
and others are virtual communities. At times
even when we have no connection to a community we
help out in whatever ways that we can. An
example would be flooding in High River, and the
tsunami in Indonesia. The effect of transnational
corporations on communities can be devastating.
Think back to the Wal Mart video businesses
that have been in a town for generations can be
wiped out within a year of Wal Mart coming to
town.
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How Does Globalization Change Communities?

• A community
• People who identify with others through shared
  connections
• (geographic location, similar religious beliefs,
  common language, cheering for same NHL team,
  etc.)
• Belonging to communities is important to peoples
  identity and defines who they are.

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How Does Globalization Change Communities?

• Globalization has affected the communities people
  identify with.
• Modern communication technologies and the speed
  of transportation mean that people can identify
  with others from all over the world.
• The Asian tsunami of Dec. 2004 allowed the global
  community to provide help and support.

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Transnational Corporations Communities

• Those who support globalization
• economic activity stimulated by expanded global
  trade has strengthened towns/cities.
• Factories built by transnationals attract other
  businesses and people and create services and
  opportunities for residents that did not
  previously exist.

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Transnational Corporations Communities

• Those who are against globalization
• transnationals can create more challenges than
  opportunities.
• Low wages paid out by transnationals allow
  poverty to become widespread
• The environment may deteriorate if standards are
  lowered to try and attract these companies to the
  community.

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Wal-Mart Good or Bad for the Community?

• The success of Wal-Mart is an excellent example
  of globalization. It is the worlds biggest
  retailer and one of the worlds most successful
  transnational corporations.
• Pg 347
• Fig. 15-4 What is the cartoonists main message?

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Immigrations Effect on Communities With the
population of Canada aging and the birth rate
decreasing, immigration accounts for a large
portion of the growth in Canada. People often
come to large cities such as Calgary because they
have heard that it is an economic hot bed only to
find out that unless they are making a lot of
money they can not afford to live there.
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The Effects of Immigration on Communities

• Immigration has kept Canadas population growth
  rate higher than that of any other developed
  country.
• In 2006, immigration made up more than 2/3rds of
  the increase in Canadas population.
• What do you think made up the other third?

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Multiculturalism

• Canada introduced official multiculturalism in
  the 1970s and this sparked a remarkable shift in
  Canadas source of immigrants.
• Before the 1970s most immigrants arrived from
  Europe. Today, Asia is the biggest source.

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Mass Asian Immigration

• Some 56.5 of immigrants in 2007 came from an
  Asiatic country.
• In 2007, Canada received 236,760 immigrants.

• Top ten sending countries, by state of origin
  (2007)
• People's Republic of China (28,896),
• India (28,520),
• Philippines (19,718),
• Pakistan (9,808),
• United States (8,750),
• United Kingdom (7,324),
• Iran (7,195),
• South Korea (5,909),
• Colombia (5,382),
• Sri Lanka (4,068).

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Immigrants Cities

• Most immigrants to Canada head for the largest
  cities in the country.
• Toronto alone accounts for more than 40 of
  immigrants.
• http//www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2008001/arti
  cle/10556-eng.pdf
• Why do almost all immigrants to Canada want to
  live in the city?,
• Figure 15-5, pg 349

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Immigrants Cities

• Newly arrived immigrants consider a number of
  factors when deciding where to settle. They often
  want to be close to
• Family friends already in Canada
• Where other members of their cultural group have
  already established businesses, places of
  worship, cultural centres, etc.
• Lots of jobs and economic activities
• Where education health care are most accessible

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Immigrant Population by Place of Birth

• Turn to pg. 349 in your textbook and analyze the
  data in Figure 15-6. Look for
• Patterns, such as numbers that are consistent.
• Inconsistencies, such as a for one census
  metropolitan area that is markedly different from
  others.
• What are some of the reasons for the patterns and
  inconsistencies you identified?

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Perhaps the biggest global force when it comes to
resources is OIL. The world needs oil from
everything from driving to plastic production.
The competition for oil can lead to war (Fig
15-7, pg350). The debate is still out did Iraq
have as many weapons as the USA said or were they
after the black stuff in the ground? Why is the
crisis in Africa (Darfur) ignored? Many people
would argue if they had oil it would be
different. The oil sands in Fort McMurray have
huge reserves of oil. The question now is does
the Canadian government allow for foreign
ownership or takeovers of Canadian companies that
have land in the oil sands. The other debate is
the royalty review that would greatly affect the
economy and people of Alberta.
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Global Need for Resources

• In a globalized world, the need for resources is
  great.
• Some resources, such as oil and water, are so
  valuable that some governments are willing to use
  force to secure their supply.

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Blood Oil

• Blood oil is a new term that refers to oil
  obtained through violence and bloodshed.

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Nigeria

• In Nigeria, several transnational corporations,
  including Shell, Chevron, and Total, have been
  developing oil fields in the delta of the Niger
  River.

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Govt vs. the People

• People who live in the area say that the
  activities of these companies have damaged the
  environment and that they were persecuted when
  they tried to protest.
• The Nigerian govt, which was controlled by the
  military at the time, co-operated with the oil
  companies by brutally suppressing opposition.

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Why would the government be on the side of the
oil companies?
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Execution of Activists

• 1995
• the govt executed nine Ogoni activists who had
  been fighting to preserve their ppls homeland,
  which was in the area slated for oil development.
  
• Since then, a civilian govt has come to power,
  and the oil companies have changed some of their
  practices but many people continue to oppose
  the development.

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Iraq

• Iraq has huge oil reserves.
• By 2007, only 15 of its 74 oil fields had been
  developed.
• Known reserves total 112 billion barrels, but
  estimates say that potential reserves could top
  300 billion barrels, amounting to about
  one-quarter of the worlds oil.
• Estimates place the value of Iraqs oil at more
  than 3 trillion.

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Iraq No Longer Ignored

• Until the early 20th century, Iraq was largely
  ignored by the imperial powers. But this changed
  when oil was discovered there.
• The invention of the automobile and the use of
  fossil fuels to power vehicles and heat homes
  made Iraqs oil reserves suddenly desirable.
• Consequently, Iraq became the focus of many late
  20th and 21st century conflicts.
• Figure 15-7 pg. 350

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The US Its Invasion of Iraq

• Since Saddam Hussein took control of Iraq in
  1979, western access to oil had been uncertain.
• Added to that was the fact that Saddam refused to
  give in to American demands in the years after
  the 1991 Gulf War, making him even more of a
  threat.
• As far as western nations were concerned, as long
  as Saddam controlled Iraq, the global supply of
  oil was at risk.

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What excuse did the US give for invading Iraq
in 2003?
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Weapons of Mass Destruction!!!

• George W. Bush justified the USs invasion of
  Iraq in 2003 by accusing Saddam of developing
  weapons of mass destruction.
• These weapons were never found, but by this time
  Iraq was in the hands of the US and its allies,
  and Western oil companies controlled the
  countrys oil fields.
• Was the invasion just an excuse to solidify
  Western control of the countrys massive oil
  resources?
• Green Zone trailer http//www.youtube.com/watch?
  vfJilPA6MFLs
• The Tillman Story http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
  daccIQzKVkg

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Alberta

• In the early 20th century, neither the Canadian
  govt nor Canadian investors were willing to play
  a leading role in developing Albertas oil.
• As a result, intl companies came to dominate the
  provinces petroleum industry.
• Until 1969, Canadian representatives of
  transnational corporations mostly
  American-based - dominated the industry. The
  big four were Shell, Imperial, Gulf, and Texaco.

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The Creation of Petro-Canada

• By 1969, foreign ownership was sparking fears
  that Canada was losing control of its energy
  resource. So, the Liberal govt began trying to
  Canadianize the industry.
• They introduced the National
  Energy Program, which was
  designed to increase
  Canadian control, and
  created Petro- Canada to
  ensure a Canadian presence
  in the global development
  of energy
  resources.

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Why did most of Alberta hate the National Energy
Program?Is it important for Canadians to own a
large share of Albertas oil and gas industry?
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Free Trade Alberta Oil

• The Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the
  US and, later, the North American Free Trade
  Agreement (NAFTA), has
• reduced restrictions on foreign ownership in the
  energy sector
• spurred development of Alberta energy projects,
  including the tar sands.
• Assignment Read pgs 352-353. Answer 2 (not in
  booklet).

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What is an epidemic?What is a pandemic?
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Globalization Health

• A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads around the
  world.
• Medical experts today are concerned that
  pandemics pose a more serious threat than ever
  because of peoples ability to travel farther and
  faster than ever before.

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The Black Death

• In the 14th century (1300s), an epidemic of
  bubonic plague that became known as the Black
  Death started in Asia and spread across Europe.
• By the time the plague had run its course, 75
  million people had died, including 2/3rds of
  Europes population.
• Pg 355

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• National Geographic
• http//science.nationalgeographic.com/science/heal
  th-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-article/

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Where did the Black Death come from?
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Black Deaths Origin

• Most experts believe the Black Death was carried
  by rats but spread through human contact. It had
  travelled to Europe along the Silk Road.

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Why So Deadly?

• The Plague coincidentally struck at time when the
  ppl of Europe were particularly vulnerable.
• War had disrupted farming and trading, famine was
  widespread, weather conditions were colder than
  normal, and a pestilence was killing sheep and
  cattle.
• Economic and social conditions were deteriorating
  and there was little ppl could do to limit the
  spread of disease.

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The Spanish Flu

• Occurred just after WW I, between 1918 and 1920.
• Killed an estimated 100 million people, a death
  toll that was much higher than that of the war.
• What was most unusual about this disease was that
  it killed healthy young adults rather than the
  old, very young, and sick the usual victims of
  influenza outbreaks.

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Why did WW I make the Spanish Flu that much more
deadly?
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How Did Spread So Easily?

• WW I did not cause the Spanish flu, but
  concentrations of soldiers helped spread the
  disease (fighting in trenches).
• The soldiers movements from one area to another
  ensured that the disease moved quickly over a
  large geographical area.

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What is SARS?
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Pandemics of Today SARS

• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),
  resulted in 774 deaths worldwide.
• It was first discovered in rural China when a
  farmer died of an unidentified disease in 2002.
  However, China did not report the incident to the
  World Health Organization, the United Nations
  agency that monitors global health security.
• Why would the world be ticked off at China for
  this?

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SARS Spreads

• Since the WHO was not notified, the disease did
  not become public until 2003, when an American
  man travelling to Singapore from China died on an
  airline from the disease.
• Those who treated him developed the same disease
  soon after.
• On March 12, the WHO issued a global alert, but
  the disease had already spread. By the time the
  outbreak ended in July 2003, SARS cases had been
  identified in 26 countries like Canada.
• Figure 15-16 pg. 356

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How Did We Limit SARS?

• SARS could have become a deadly pandemic, but was
  held in check by the quick action of the WHO and
  national health agencies.
• What is a quarantine?
• Quarantines halted its spread, as ppl who might
  have come into contact with an infected person
  were isolated in their homes for 10 days. No
  contact with others was allowed.

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AIDS

• While SARS was successfully contained, the global
  response to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
  (AIDS), has been far less successful.
• Every year, 4 million ppl contract the disease
  while 3 million die.
• As of January 2006, an estimated 39.5 million ppl
  live with AIDS, while it has already killed
  another 25 million.

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The Hush with AIDS

• There is also a social stigma that comes with
  AIDS which has limited effective prevention
  programs since it was originally thought to be a
  disease of gay men.
• Health officials now recognize that anyone can
  contact AIDS, but its association with sexual
  activity remains.
• Many ppl who might be infected do not get tested
  for fear of testing positive. Those who do admit
  the are positive are often ostracized (not
  accepted).

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If you thought you had AIDS, would you get
tested? Who you tell anyone that you were
infected?Should it be mandatory by law that you
get tested for AIDS and that people are made
aware if you have it?
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• Ryan White
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsCMr9jbq3Tk
• FACES of HIV Steves Story
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v1OmEvsm_yDI
• Kamaria
• Renee

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Why is AIDS so Deadly?

• There is no cure for AIDS, although expensive
  drug therapies help prolong victims lives.
• Many govts in Africa were very slow to develop
  prevention and treatment programs because they
  did not want to admit AIDS was a problem in their
  societies.
• Now, 2/3rds of all AIDS cases are found in
  sub-Saharan African countries.

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Estimated prevalence of HIV among young adults
(15-49) per country at the end of 2005
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Responses to Health Crises

• The World Health Organization is the centre of
  the global response to health crises. Part of UN.
• It systematically gathers reports about suspected
  outbreaks of diseases from formal and informal
  sources.
• Formal sources include ministries of health in
  various countries, academic institutions,
  laboratories, NGOs, etc.
• Informal sources would include websites and
  newswires that might report unconfirmed disease
  outbreaks. In more than 60 of disease crises,
  the first clues to WHO come from here.

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Figure 15-17 15-18
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Centers for Disease Control

• Though the WHO coordinates disease control
  measures at the intl level, most of the
  monitoring, reporting, and responding to disease
  outbreaks take place at a national level.
• The Centers for Disease Control Prevention in
  the US is one of the best-known national
  agencies. While they deal with pandemics they
  also look at healthy living, emergency
  preparedness, environmental health, violence and
  safety, workplace safety, and travellers health.

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Why does most disease control take place at a
national level?
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Various countries have come under criticism from
these pandemics that they are not doing enough to
help protect the peoples living in their
countries. Should they be responsible for
proving a needle or vaccine that can help protect
their peoples, and at what cost? Who is paying
for it?
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How Have People Responded to Global Issues?

• The worldwide connections that exist through
  globalization
• people today can be informed of harmful or unfair
  situations in other places in greater detail and
  more quickly than ever before.
• When people are informed, many move to take
  action. People can respond in a variety of ways
  as individuals, as part of a larger society, as
  part of a corporation, and through the
  government.

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Consumers

• Consumers can choose how to spend their money so
  they can carry a lot of power.
• Many groups have formed to inform consumers about
  abuses and questionable practices by
  manufacturers and retailers. (Example
  sweatshops.)
• As a consumer, would you be willing to pay more
  for consumer goods to guarantee equality in the
  workplace?

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Boycotting

• Boycotting is a form of consumer action. It
  involves refusing to buy a companys products.
• A boycott is a form of direct action in which
  activists try to achieve their goals by targeting
  corporations, rather than working through the
  govt.
• One high-profile boycott urged consumers not to
  buy Nestle products.

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Civil Society

• In the past, two sectors of society govts and
  business were thought to exert the most power
  and influence in making decisions and setting
  policy. Partly due to globalization, a third
  sector has arose.
• Civil society groups (community groups, NGOs,
  faith-based groups, universities, etc.) have
  become more visible stronger.
• Civil society groups have grown in importance due
  to the apparent decline in govts and rise in
  strength of corporations. Also, increased
  communication have allowed civil society groups
  to form easier and quicker.
• What are some civil society groups?

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Corporate Citizenship

• Transnational corporations, whose operations span
  national boundaries, are in key positions to find
  solutions to important global challenges. They
  often have the expertise financial resources to
  make a difference.
• Many of these businesses have developed corporate
  citizenship statements that mention a commitment
  to promoting sustainable development, human
  rights, and community involvement.

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ISO Standards

• Many corporations are showing their commitment to
  corporate citizenship by voluntarily adopting
  standards set by the International Organization
  for Standardization, or ISO.
• ISO standards are designed to make the
  manufacturing and supply of goods and services
  more efficient, safe, and environmentally
  sustainable protect consumers/workers.
• Companies that have met ISO requirements often
  promote this in their advertising. Is this an
  effective marketing tool?

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Government Responses

• Govts at various levels are in influential
  positions to work to achieve fairness and equity.
• In Canada
• Canadian Human Rights Commission
• ensures human rights are being upheld in
  businesses such as banking, airlines, and tv
  stations.
• In Alberta
• Alberta Human Rights Citizenship Commission
• looks at areas such as education, employment, and
  housing.