The Cold War in Asia

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The Cold War in Asia
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• The US felt they had a commitment to
  Philippines, Japan, and China, and wanted to
  restore peace, help Asians resist foreign rule,
  and restore Asian trade with the world.

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I. Philippines

• A. Became the independent Republic of the
  Philippines on July 4, 1946
• B. Early years of independence were dominated by
  U.S.-assisted postwar reconstruction.
• C. A communist-inspired Huk Rebellion (1945-53)
  complicated recovery efforts but was suppressed
  under the leadership of a new president and
  military aid from the U.S.

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II. The Occupation in Japan

• At the Potsdam Conference, the Big 3 decided
  that after WWII
• Japan militarists should be punished and Japan
  disarmed.
• Japanese rule should be restricted to their
  homeland.
• Japanese should be reeducated to form a
  republican government.

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• B. General Douglas MacArthur was named Supreme
  Commander of the Allied Powers and carried out
  the Potsdam Declaration.
• C. The Allies intended to make Japan pay war
  damages however they did not have the money or
  the resources. Instead, they received 2 billion
  in aid and gained back their independence.

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• D. U.S. forces will occupy Japan from 1945-1952.
• 1. Emperor Hirohito remained in power but was
  nothing more than a figurehead.
• 2. A new constitution was adopted. It provided
  for a democratic govt where women could vote and
  people could have freedom of religion.
• 3. Japan will retreat from militarism and
  instead focus on technology and industry.

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Japan
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Tell me what YOU think

• How might the actions that
• the U.S. took to stabilize
• Japan after the war
• affect future relations
• of the two nations?

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III. COMMUNIST REVOLUTION IN CHINA

• 1945-1949

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A. JAPANESE DEMOBILIZATION FROM CHINA

• 1. As Japanese militarists were forced to leave
  occupied areas in China after WWII, Communist and
  Nationalist Parties of China, which had been
  fighting for over two decades, scrambled to seize
  territory.
• 2. Both parties were more interested in the
  arsenals and the technology left by Japan than
  the actual land itself.

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B. COMMUNISTS

• 1. Leader Mao Zedong
• 2. Located in the Northeast
• 3.Mao Zedong gained popularity amongst the
  Chinese because he gave land to peasants, and he
  fought against the Japanese occupation.

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C.NATIONALISTS

• 1. Leader Chiang Kai-Shek
• 2. Located in the South
• 3. US sent 50,000 troops to help secure the
  Nationalists power.

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D. CIVIL WAR IN CHINA

• 1. General George C. Marshall traveled to China
  in Dec 1945 to arrange a truce between the two
  parties, but they would not compromise.
• 2. Nationalists attacked Communists in July,
  1946, and the Civil War began.

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• 3. Nationalists Communists fought in China
• a. Maos forces took over much of
• China weakened the Nationalists
• b. US felt they should focus foreign-
• aid on helping Western Europe
• against Stalin, rather than saving
• China.

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E. COMMUNIST VICTORY

• 1. Even with US support, the Nationalists fell to
  Maos troops.
• 2. October of 1949 Communists established the
  Peoples Republic of China.

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• 3. Nationalists retreated to the island of
  Taiwan.

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• 4. The US refused to recognize their government,
  claiming that the Nationalists were the legal
  government of China.
• 5. US refused to let Maos government gain a seat
  in the United Nations.
• 6.This made the Soviet Union upset.
• (USSR will boycott UN for a time)

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IV. War in Korea Begins
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The Shifting Map of Korea1950-1953
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• A. When Japan surrendered in WWII, they were
  forced to leave Korea, which they had occupied
  since 1910.
• B. The US and the USSR divided Korea at the 38th
  parallel. In 1948, each side sets up its own
  government.

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• Democratic Peoples
• Republic of Korea
• North
• Supported by USSR
• Communist govt
• Leader Kim Il Sung

• Republic of Korea
• South
• Supported by US
• Capitalist
• Leader Syngman Rhee

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• C. UN recognized the South Korean government as
  the government of all Korea.
• D. Korea was considered outside the defense
  perimeter, and US withdrew its troops in 1948.
• E. June 25, 1950- North Korea troops invaded
  South Korea.

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• F. UN ordered North Korea to withdraw- they did
  not U.S. and UN respond by sending troops will
  be under the command of General MacArthur.
• G. After a daring amphibious operation at
  Inchon, the U.S. troops were successful at
  pushing the
• North Koreans
• back across
• the 38th parallel.

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• H. The South then has a decision to make cross
  over the 38th parallel, pushing the North back,
  or not??? Truman gives MacArthur permission to
  push northward.
• I. Late in 1950, the US received a new blow
  300,000 Chinese troops arrived to help North
  Korea MacArthurs troops were pushed back.

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V. Disagreement Between Truman MacArthur

1. MacArthur wanted the US to bomb China and help
   Chiang Kai-shek invade China from Taiwan
2. Truman did not want to risk another world war and
   forbade this action!!
3. MacArthur tried to bypass the pres by receiving
   Congressional support Truman fired MacArthur for
   insubordination!

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VI. End of the Korean War

• a. From 1951-on, the war bogged down in a
  stalemate.
• b. Dwight Eisenhower became president in 1953.
  The former general campaigned to end the Korean
  War.
• c. Eisenhower hinted to the Chinese and North
  Koreans peace or else

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• d. June 1953 a ceasefire was signed Korea was
  left divided.
• e. The DMZ is one of the most
• heavily guarded
• borders in the
• world

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VII. Results of War

• Costly for the US- we lost more than 54,000
  troops!
• Many neutral nations drew closer to US
• Some noncommunist nations began to arm for their
  own defense.

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• D. The war represented an important shift in US
  Cold War policy. By 1950, a loss to communism
  anywhere was thought of as a loss everywhere!
• During the Korean War, the first
• integrated
• units fought
• in the U.S.
• army.

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• THE COLD WAR IS NOT OVER It will last 40 more
  years, 7 more Presidents