Skeletal, Muscular,

1
Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous System

• Chapter 15

2
Functions of the skeletal system

• Provides a living structure for your body
• Supports your upper body and head
• Plays a crucial role in movement
• Protects internal tissues and organs from trauma
• Store minerals

3
Structure of the skeleton

• You have 206 bones in your body
• Axial Skeleton the 80 bones of the skull,
  spine, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum or breastbone
• Appendicular skeleton the remaining 126 bones
  of the upper and lower limbs, shoulders, and hips

4
Types of bones

• Long Bones your arms and legs
• Humerus is the bone in your upper arm
• Diaphysis main column of a long bone
• Epiphysis is the end of a long bone

5
Types of bones

• Short Bones are almost equal in length and
  width
• Small bones in the wrist ankles

6
Types of bones

• Flat Bones somewhat thinner and much flatter
  than other bones
• The skull, scapula, or shoulder blade are all
  examples

7
Types of bones

• Irregular Bones are irregularly shaped
• Some facial bones vertebrae are examples

8
Cartilage

• Cartilage a strong, flexible connective tissue
• Found at the ends of long bones
• End of the nose
• Within the outer ear
• In some joints like the knee acts like a cushion

9
Cartilage

• Ossification is the process by which bone is
  formed, renewed, repaired
• This happens early in the embryonic developmental
  stage

10
Joints

• Joints are points at which bones meet

11
Types of Joints

• Ball--socket joint formed when the rounded
  head of one bone fits into the rounded cavity of
  an adjoining bone
• Hinge joint found at the elbow, knee, ankle
  fingers
• Pivot joints allow limited rotation or turning
  of the head

12
Types of Joints

• Ellipsoidal joints such as the ones in your
  wrist, have an oval-shaped part that fits into a
  curved space
• Ligament a band of fibrous, slightly elastic
  connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
• Tendon a fibrous cord that attaches muscle to
  the bone

13
Care Problems of the Skeletal System

• Lesson 2

14
Problems of the skeletal system

• Fractures any type of break in a bone
• They can be either compound or simple
• Compound one in which the broken bones
  protrudes through the skin
• Simple one in which the broken bone does not
  protrude

15
Types of Fractures

• Hairline fracture the fracture is incomplete
  the two parts of the bones do not separate
• Transverse fracture the fracture is completely
  across the bone
• Comminuted fracture the bone shatters into more
  than 2 pieces

16
Osteoporosis

• You can only develop bone now while you are
  growing. Your habits now will affect you later
  in life
• Osteoporosis a condition in which progressive
  loss of bone tissue occurs
• Usually affects millions of older Americans has
  no warning signs

17
Scoliosis

• Scoliosis is a lateral, or side-to-side,
  curvature of the spine
• This may exist at the time of birth, or it can
  develop during childhood
• Treatments include wearing braces to help
  straighten the spine and possibly even surgery in
  severe cases

18
Injuries to Joints

• Dislocation results when the ligaments that
  attach the bone at the joint are torn as the bone
  slips out of place
• Torn cartilage can result from a sharp blow or
  the twisting of a joint
• Bursitis results from the inflammation of a
  fluid-filled sac called the bursa

19
Injuries to Joints

• Bunion is a painful swelling of the bursa in
  the first joint of the big toe
• Arthritis is the inflammation of a joint
• Repetitive motion injury is damage to tissue
  caused by prolonged, repeated movements such as
  in computer work, sewing or assembly line work

20
The Muscular System

• Lesson 3

21
Functions of the muscular system

• Help you to breathe, make your heart beat, and
  move food through your digestive system
• Voluntary muscles muscles you knowingly move
• Involuntary muscles muscles that move without
  your conscious control

22
Structure of the Muscular System

• Muscles are made up of hundreds of long cells
  called fibers
• Muscles work by means of two complementary or
  opposing actions
• Contraction shortening of the muscles
• Extension lengthening of the muscles

23
Types of Muscles

• Smooth muscles act on the lining of passageways
  and internal organs (they are involuntary)
• Skeletal Muscles are attached to bone and cause
  body movements (they are voluntary)
• Flexor the muscle that close a joint
• Extensor the muscle that opens a joint

24
Types of Muscles

• Cardiac muscles a type of striated muscle that
  forms the wall of the heart (it is an involuntary
  muscle)

25
Care of the Muscular System

• Muscle tone the natural tension in the fibers
  of a muscle
• Regular physical activity can help to keep your
  muscles toned

26
Problems of the Muscular System

• Bruise is an area of discolored skin that
  appears after an injury causes the blood vessels
  beneath the skin to rupture and leak
• Muscle sprain or strain a strained muscles
  results when a muscle is stretched or partially
  torn as a result of overexertion

27
Problems of the Muscular System

• Muscles strains are treated using the
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation
• Or RICE method

28
Problems of the Muscular System

• Tendonitis or the inflammation of a tendon
• Caused by injury, overuse, or natural aging
• Hernia when an organ or tissue protrudes
  through an area of weak muscle

29
Problems of the Muscular System

• Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited disorder in
  which skeletal muscle fibers are progressively
  destroyed

30
The Nervous System

• Lesson 4

31
Functions of the nervous system

• It coordinates all of the activities in your body
  including
• Breathing
• Or digesting food to sensing pain or feeling fear

32
Functions of the nervous system

• The brain, spinal cord, and nerves all work
  together
• The nervous system has 2 main divisions
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System

33
Functions of the nervous system

• Central Nervous System consists of the brain
  and spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System gathers information
  from inside and outside your body

34
Neurons

• Neurons are nerve cells

35
Neurons

• Cell body the cell body of a neuron contains
  the nucleus, the control center of the cell
• Neuron cells have limited ability to repair
  damage or replace destroyed cells

36
Neurons

• Dendrites are branched structures that extend
  from the cell body in most neurons
• They receive information from other neurons or
  sensory receptors and transmit impulses toward
  the cell body

37
Neurons

• Axons transmit impulses away from the cell body
  and toward another neuron, muscle cell, or gland
• Axons that are covered by a myelin sheath can
  transmit impulses faster than those without a
  cover

38
Central Nervous System

• Parts of the central nervous system include the
  spinal cord the brain
• Brain the main job of the brain is to integrate
  control the activities of the nervous system

39
Parts of the brain

• Cerebrum the largest and most complex part of
  the brain, its job is to focus on thought,
  learning and memory
• Frontal lobe controls voluntary movements has
  a role in the use of language
• Parietal lobe is involved with sensory
  information such as heat, cold, pain, touch a,
  body position

40
Parts of the brain

• Occipital lobe controls the sense of vision
• Temporal lobe controls the senses of hearing
  smell it is also involved with memory, thought,
  and judgment

41
Parts of the brain

• Cerebellum the second largest part of the
  brain, its job is to coordinate the movement of
  skeletal muscles

42
Parts of the brain

• Brain stem is a 3 stalk of nerve cells
  fibers that connects the spinal cord to the rest
  of the brain
• Medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the
  brain stem, helps to regulate heartbeat
  respiratory rate as well as reflexes such as
  sneezing, coughing, vomiting

43
Medulla oblongata

• Has 3 parts to it
• Pons located just above the medulla. This is
  the pathway connecting nerve impulses to other
  areas of the brain. Helps regulate breathing
• Midbrain the highest portion of the brain stem.
  Controls eyeball movement

44
Medulla oblongata

• Thalamus an important relay center for incoming
  sensory impulses. Receives information through
  the eyes and the ears
• Hypothalamus controls balance and various body
  processes to regulate body temperature, appetite
  awareness, and regulates sleep
• Pituitary gland controls metabolism, sexual
  development emotional responses

45
The Peripheral Nervous System

• Includes all the nerves that are not part of the
  Central Nervous System (CNS)
• The Peripheral Nervous System can be divided into
  2 parts
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System

46
Autonomic Nervous System

• Controls involuntary actions such as digestion
  heart rate
• The Autonomic nervous system is broken down into
  2 parts
• Sympathetic nervous system
• Parasympathetic nervous system

47
Sympathetic nervous system

• Cause your heart rate to increase and blood
  vessels leading to your muscles to dilate
• Reflex s spontaneous response of the body to a
  stimulus

48
Parasympathetic nervous system

• During rest it opposes the actions of the
  sympathetic system by slowing body functions
• Slows down heartbeats, opens blood vessels, and
  lowers blood pressure

49
Somatic Nervous System

• Consists of sensory neurons that relay messages
  from receptors in the eyes, ear, nose, tongue,
  skin to the CNS motor neurons that carry
  impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

50
Care Problems of the Nervous System

• Lesson 5

51
Problems of the Nervous System

• Drug alcohol use can destroy brain cells
  cause nervous system disorders

52
Degenerative Disease

• Parkinsons Disease is the destruction of nerve
  cells in an area of the brain that helps
  coordinate skeletal muscle movement
• Multiple Sclerosis the destruction of the
  myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of neurons
  in the CNS. Voluntary control of your muscles
  gradually decreases. The body basically attacks
  its own tissues

53
Degenerative Disease

• Alzheimers Disease when neurons are destroyed.
  They are then unable to transmit impulses.
• Resulting in loss of memory confusion

54
Other disorders problems

• Epilepsy a disorder of the nervous system that
  is characterized by recurrent seizures
• Cerebral palsy a group of nonprogressive
  neurological disorders that are the result of
  damage to the brain before, during, or just after
  birth or in early childhood