The Path of the Empire

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The Path of the Empire

• American Pageant Chapter 27

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Our Country Its Possible Future and Its Present
Crisis

• Written by Rev. Josiah Strong
• Anglos had a responsibility to Civilize and
  Christianize
• 7 perils
• Catholicism
• Mormonism
• Socialism
• Intemperance
• Wealth
• Urbanization
• Immigration

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Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783

• Alfred Thayer Mahan
• Role of sea power and needs for a strong navy
• Geography
• Government
• Population
• Control of Sea World Domination

4
Big Sister policy

• James Blaine
• 1880s
• Called for an alliance between U.S. and Latin
  America
• Open Latin American markets to American traders

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Venezuela (1895-1899)

• Richard Olney (Sec. of State under Cleveland)
  warned Britain that invading Venezuela violated
  Monroe Doctrine
• Britain rejected claim but chose not to fight

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Great Rapprochement 1898

• Reconciliation between Great Britain and the U.S.
• Shared interests
• Britain worried about Germany and Russia
• Britain sided with U.S. during Spanish-American
  War

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Hawaii in the 19th century

• 1840s U.S. warned other countries to stay away
• 1887 Pearl Harbor naval base established
• Americans in Hawaii wanted it annexed to relieve
  affects of tariff
• 1893- Queen Liliuokalani overthrown by minority
  whites
• Grover Cleveland withdrew annexation treaty
• 1898 - Annexed
• Would not become a state until 1959

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Cuba

• Tariff of 1894 created hardships for Cuba
• Rebel army revolted
• Spanish were treating Cubans poorly
• 200,000-400,000 died in camps
• 1896- Congress recognized revolt of Cubans, but
  Cleveland did not

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Yellow Journalism

• Sensationalized News
• Result of Competition
• William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
• Maine incident
• Feb 15th, 1898 ship exploded
• U.S. blamed Spain, Spain said it was internal
• Publications led to U.S. people calling for war

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McKinley Declares War

• Madrid already agreed to demands
• End camps
• Peace with Cuban rebels
• Declared war on April 11th, 1898 believing it was
  the peoples will
• Teller Amendment
• Promised Cuban independence once Spain was
  defeated

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Attack on Cuba

• Spanish Admiral Cervera
• Rough Riders
• Organized by Teddy Roosevelt
• Volunteer cowboys and ex-athletes
• Spanish fleet destroyed July 3rd, 1898
• Meanwhile General Nelson Miles takes over Puerto
  Rico
• War ends August 12th, 1898

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End of the War

• Guam and Puerto Rico ceded to the U.S.
• Foraker Act of 1900
• Popular government
• US citizenship in 1917
• Insular Cases
• Constitution did not extend to Philippines and
  Puerto Rico
• Paid 20 million for the Philippines
• Manila ended day after war technically ended
• Left Cuba in 1902
• Cubans promised to lease land to the U.S. for
  bases

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Filipinos Revolt

• First Philippine Commission
• Formed to investigate conditions and make
  recommendations on the Philippines
• Filipinos not ready for independence
• February 4th, 1899
• Led by Emilio Aguinaldo
• Against American occupiers after first shots

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First Shots in Manila

• "In a moment, something rose up slowly in front
  of us. It was a Filipino. I yelled Halt! and
  made it pretty loud, for I was accustomed to
  challenging the officer of the guard in approved
  military style. I challenged him with another
  loud halt! Then he shouted halto! to me.
  Well, I thought the best thing to do was to shoot
  him. He dropped. Then two Filipinos sprang out of
  the gateway about fifteen feet from us. I called
  "Halt" and Miller fired and dropped one. I saw
  that another was left. Well, I think I got my
  second Filipino that time. We retreated to where
  our six other fellows were and I said "Line up
  fellows, the niggers are in here all through
  these yards." We then retreated to the pipe line
  and got behind the water work main and stayed
  there all night. It was some minutes after our
  second shots before Filipinos began firing.

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Aguinaldos Response

• I order and command 1. That peace and friendly
  relations with the Americans be broken and that
  the latter be treated as enemies, within the
  limits prescribed by the laws of war.
• 2. That the Americans captured be held as
  prisoners of war.
• 3. That this proclamation be communicated to the
  consuls and that congress order and accord a
  suspension of the constitutional guarantee,
  resulting from the declaration of war.

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Formal Proclamation of War?

• Filipinos declare war on June 2nd, 1899
• President McKinley told reporters that the
  insurgents had attacked Manila and that
  Aguinaldo was an outlaw bandit
• U.S. never formally declared war

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Benevolent Assimilation

• Aguinaldo captured in 1901
• Little Brown Brothers William H. Taft
• Benevolent assimilation
• Improved roads, sanitation, health
• Economic ties
• School system

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Open Door Policy - China

• Secretary of State John Hay
• Stated all nations would allow trade and Chinese
  independence
• Italy accepted, Russia did not

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Boxer Rebellion

• Patriotic Chinese rebellion against foreigners in
  1900
• Many nations came together to put rebellion down

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Election of 1900

• William McKinley
• Republican
• Established gold standard
• Imperialism
• William Jennings Bryan
• Democrat
• Silver standard
• Cross of gold speech
• Anti imperialism

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Teddy Roosevelt

• Takes over when McKinley assassinated (1901)

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Big Stick Diplomacy
President as the supreme decision maker Speak
softly and carry a big stick
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Panama Canal

• Originally meant to go through Nicarauga
• Panama Revolution against Columbia
• Led by Bunau-Varilla
• Signed Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
• US 10 mile around Panama region
• 1904-1914 400 million

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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

• Preventive Intervention
• Fear of European intervention in Latin America
• U.S. would pay off debts to European countries to
  keep them out
• Negative relations with Latin America

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Japanese in America

• Discrimination in California (mainly schools)
• Gentlemans Agreement
• No discrimination against Japanese in U.S.
• No emigration of Japanese to U.S.
• Root-Takahira agreement
• Respecting of possessions