Put the puzzle together

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Put the puzzle together

• What did you discover about the DNA molecule?

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Today you will be Code breakers and learn how to
break the code for creating new DNA strands and
how the code in DNA is broken to produce and
make proteins!!
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Do you remember the basic form of DNA?
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DNA Replication

• DNA needs to replicate itself for the purpose of
  cellular division
• Cells need to be created
• To replace cells that have died like skin cells.
  How often to you scratch your skin and see dead
  cells?
• To create a cell (sperm or egg cell) to reproduce
  a new organism

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Steps to DNA replication

• DNA is unwound and unzipped by enzymes
• The DNA code is read by DNA polymerase which adds
  the corresponding nucleotide (Nitrogenous base,
  sugar and phosphate)
• Example Adenine is added to Thymine and Cytosine
  is added to Guanine

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DNA before Replication
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Both DNA Strands are read and a new identical DNA
strand is created.

• If the original DNA strand was ATCGCCGTTA The
  corresponding strand created would be TAGCGGCAAT
• What strand would be created if the original
  strand was AAAACCGGATTT?
• The strand would be TTTTGGCCTAAA
• You are so SMART!!!!!!!!!!!

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Lets try a few more What DNA strand would be
created from the following DNA strand?

• AATTACGCGGCCC
• Did you say TTAATGCGCCGGG
• How about TATATACCGATTTA
• Did you say ATATATGGCTAAAT
• Great!!!

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• The DNA Polymerase also serves as a proof reader
  to correct any mistakes that could occur Mistakes
  occur in 1/10,000 nucleotides added. An error
  creating a DNA could cause a disease to occur or
  the wrong directions given in another part of the
  cell.
• Fun Fact There are some people who lack DNA
  polymerase and do not have anyone to correct the
  errors in the DNA made. They are more succeptable
  to getting cancer when DNA is damaged from
  exposure to UV rays.

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How is the code read in the DNA to create
proteins and give directions other places in the
cell?

• I need 5 volunteers.
• DNA-RNA Polymerase-mRNA-tRNA-Ribsome

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Transcription

• The code to create proteins which lies in the DNA
  must be carried to a place where there are
  materials for the proteins to be created. Where
  are proteins created?
• DNA is copied to mRNA because DNA is too big to
  leave through the nuclear pores.
• If DNA was not copied the code could not be
  transferred to the place it can be created.

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mRNA is created

• mRNA is created very similarly to how DNA is
  replicated except for mRNA does not have Thymine
  Instead it has uracil so when there is an A in a
  DNA strand the mRNA would have a U.
• The DNA molecule is split open by RNA polymerase
• RNA polymerase looks for a specific code that
  tells it when to start creating RNA called a
  promoter.
• The corresponding Nitrogenous bases are added as
  well as the sugar and phosphate attached.

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Can you break the DNA code?

• If the DNA sequence was ATTCGGCCATT what would
  the mRNA sequence be that was created?
• ___________________________
• Did you say UAAGCCGGUAA
• Yeah!!

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Lets try a few more

• If the DNA sequence was ATTCCGCCGG
• What would the mRNA sequence be?
• Did you say UAAGGCGGCC?
• How about TTCCGCGCGCCGAA?
• Did you say AAGGCGCGCGGCUU
• Great!!!

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Translationis when proteins are made from the
mRNA

• TrNA (Transfer RNA) is great at breaking
  codes.
• There is a specific code for every three letter
  nitrogenous base sequence
• These three letter sequences are called codons.
• Each codon tells which amino acid to add to the
  protein.

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Three letter Codes are Codons.
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For example.

• GUU signals a transfer rNA molecule to bring
  Valine a specific type of amino acid.
• If the three letters were GCC the tRNA would
  bring Alanine and add it to the protein.
• Just like building blocks make a wall
• Different amino acids create a unique protein

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If I gave you the RNA sequence of
CGGGUAUUAUGUGAAUGA what series of Amino Acids
would be created into a protein?
Did you say Arginine,Valine,Leucine, Cytosine and
Glutamine?
YOU ROCK!!!!!
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Lets try one more.. If I gave you the MrNA
strand of CGUAGUAGAAGGGCGUGA what Amino Acids
would you bring together?
Arganine, Serine, Argenine, Argenine,Alanine
FABULOSO!!!!!
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Amino Acids connect to make proteins
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Here is a great picture of the whole process.
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To review, what does each do in the process and
where does it hang out? First for DNA replication

• DNA strand , Nitrogenous Bases, Sugar Phosphate
  backbone,Enzymes,DNA polymerase

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Now for transcription and translation

• DNA strand
• Nuclear Membrane
• RNA polymerase
• MrNA
• TrNA
• Ribosome

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Your Job.

• Create 2 comic strips
• 1 comic must illustrate how DNA is replicated to
  create new cells
• It must include all major players involved
• They must talk about their role in the process in
  your own words
• They must be pictured in the location they do
  their job.

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The other comic.

• Illustrates transcription and translation
• (How mRNA is created from DNA and used to create
  a unique protein)
• This comic must represent each player involved.
• Each player must talk about their individual role
  in the process
• Each player must be located in the environment
  they do their job.
• Must be scientifically accurate

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This will be due.

• Friday
• You will have the rest of today to work on this
  and Thursday if you are not going to the play
  with Merlino..