Last (and final) Kingdom

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Last (and final) Kingdom
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Zoology

• The study of animals

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Characteristics

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Different from plants because they cannot use the
  energy from the sun
• Heterotrophic ? must get their energy from
  another source

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Divided into two broad groups

• Invertebrates ? do not have a backbone
• Vertebrates ? have a notochord for at least part
  of their life history

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Development

• All animals begin life as a single egg cell which
  becomes a zygote after fertilization
• The zygote begins a series of mitotic divisions,
  each doubling the number of cells
• The mass of cells develops into a hollow sphere
  called a blastula
• Gastrulation the process by which the blastula
  folds inward
• This process separates the endoderm and the
  exoderm cells called germ cells

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• Ectoderm? form skin and the nervous system
• Endoderm ? form the lining of the gut in animals
• Mesoderm ? a germ layer in between the ectoderm
  and endoderm
• Gives rise to the organs of the circulatory,
  reproductive, urinary, and muscular systems

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Body Cavities

• Can also study complexity and evolutionary
  development by looking at the body cavity.
• All animals with tissues have cells specialized
  for digestion

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Simple Animals

• Cells from the endoderm layer form a pouch-like
  gut with a single opening
• The opening acts as both a mouth and an anus

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Complex Animals

• Have a gut with two openings
• One acts as a mouth and the other as an anus
• This allows for one-way movement through the gut

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• Coelom ? a body cavity located between the gut
  and the body wall
• This is found in all vertebrates and many
  invertebrates
• Peritoneum ? a layer of mesodermal cells
  (epithelial cells) that line the body cavity, the
  gut, and covers the internal organs of the body

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Less Complex Invertebrates

• May lack a coelom but have an intermediate
  structure called a pseudocoelom
• a fluid filled cavity of variable shape which
  has no peritoneum

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Subphylum includes seven classes

• Agnatha jawless vertebrates
• Chondrichthyis sharks and rays
• Osteichthyes bony fishes
• Amphibia frogs and salamanders
• Reptilia reptiles
• Aves birds
• Mammalia mammals

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• Birds and mammals are warm blooded (endotherms)
• All other vertebrates are cold blooded
  (ectotherms)

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Performing the Following Life Functions

• Digestion
• Excretion
• Respiration
• Coordination
• Locomotion
• reproduction

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Vertebrate Classification

• Jawless (Agnatha), sharks rays
  (Chondrichthyis), and bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

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Class Amphibia (frogs and salamanders)

• Respiration- primitive lungs which enable them to
  breathe air for short periods
• Can absorb gases through their skin
• Locomotion- limb like fins for crawling
• Reproduction- amphibians must lay eggs in water

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• Coordination restricted to wetter areas
• Amphibians can be considered to have 2 lives
  they are born in fresh water and live initially
  as grilled larvae or tadpoles, then change into
  adult air-breathing forms that reside on land

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• There are about 2500 species in three orders
• Legless caecilians
• Tail-less frogs and toads
• Tailed salamanders

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Class Repitilia

• They are first fully terrestrial vertebrates
• They do not have return to water to lay eggs
• Reproduction development of the amniotic egg
  (allows reptiles to lay eggs on land and colonize
  dry habitats)
• Diagram amniotic egg

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Class Aves

• Features thick bones, teeth, and long bony tail
  also have the presence of feathers
• Feathers provide insulation and protect the
  underlying skin
• Respiration birds have lungs
• -have air sacs among the internal organs and
  inside the bones

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• -air is inhaled through the mouth and nose, down
  the trachea and into the lungs and connecting air
  sacs
• -allows for an almost continuous supply of fresh
  air and allows the bird to breathe in thin air at
  high altitudes

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• Coordination- flight requires efficient
  circulation to ensure the muscles are well
  supplied with oxygen
• Birds see well at night, have acute colour
  vision, and good hearing
• Birds have a four chambered heart similar to
  humans

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• Digestion is rapid and efficient
• -birds must eat large amounts of food to provide
  energy for flight and maintain a constant body
  temperature
• There are five groups of birds which have varying
  feet and beaks, they are as follows

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• 1. Birds of prey have grasping feet and a
  tearing beak
• 2. Wading birds have wading foot and a spearing
  beak
• 3. swimming birds have webbed feet and a
  filtering beak
• 4. Perching birds have perching feet and
  cracking seed beaks

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• 5. Non-perching birds have clinging feet and
  chiseling beaks
• Locomotion hollow but strong bones in a rigid
  frame provide strength with out weight
• Only neck and tail are flexible
• Sternum is quite large to allow it to attach to
  the large flight muscles

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Mammalia

• General Characteristics
• - A typical mammal is a warm blooded, air
  breathing, four legged vertebrate
• - Its skin is covered with hair (in the form of
  bristles, wool, scales, or fur), and equipped
  with sweat glands
• - Hair and sweat glands help mammals control
  their body temperature

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• - Teeth may be of four different types, and are
  fixed into sockets in the jawbone
• - the pattern and arrangement of the teeth reveal
  whether an animal is an ominovore, carnivore,
  insectivore, or herbivore
• -mammals have fleshy lips, diaphragm separating
  the lungs from the general body