Pregnancy and development

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Pregnancy and development

• Mrs. Schmit

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Begins with.

• Fertilization - union of the sperm and the egg
• Happens in the oviduct
• http//health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200048.htm
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html
  (sperms journey)
• Haploid Gametes
• Sperm (23 chromosomes)
• Egg (23 chromosomes)
• Combine to form a diploid (46 chromosomes)
  ZYGOTE

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• All babies begin as a single fertilized cell
  that undergoes cell division as it moves down the
  fallopian tube for 3-5 days

Zygote divides
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Journey of Egg

• Zygote continues to Journey along fallopian tube
  - about 4-5 days while the cell divides many
  times
• 11 to 12 days after fertilization the zygote
  becomes a tiny ball of cells called an embryo
• Uterus prepares spongy lining for implantation of
  egg.

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Implantation

• Implantation is where the blastocyst (ball of
  cells) attaches itself to the uterine lining
• The embryo implants by secreting an enzyme to
  breakdown uterine cells as it burrows into the
  mother's uterus.

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Implantation of egg to womb (uterus) takes place
6 -7 days after fertilization. IF not, then
menstrual cycle begins.

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Detecting Pregnancy

• Chemical Test 98 effective
• Morning Sickness nausea due to change in
  hormones
• Ultra Sound sound waves used to detect baby in
  the womb
• http//health.howstuffworks.com/adam-roundup.htm

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• Names during pregnancy
• Zygote first cell
• Embryo weeks 0 - 8
• Fetus weeks 9 until birth

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What happens during pregnancy?

• Once implantation occurs, the formation of most
  internal organs and external body structures
  begin.

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All cells of the body are classified as one of
three types

• Ectoderm- the outer layer.
• become the nervous system and skin  
• Endoderm - the inner layer of cells
• form the lining of the digestive and respiratory
  tract, parts of the liver, pancreas and many
  other organs
• Mesoderm - forms from an out pouching of the
  inner layer tissue of the endoderm.
• form muscle, bone, blood and connective tissue.

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Placenta babes house in mom

• What is it?
• The placenta is an organ attached to the lining
  of your womb during pregnancy
• What does it do?
• It keeps unborn babys blood supply separate from
  mothers blood supply, as well as providing a link
  between the two.

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• prevents the ovaries from releasing eggs
• stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and
  progesterone continuously.
• carries oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus
  and wastes from fetus to mother through the
  umbilical cord

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Connects placenta to baby

• Amnion membrane surrounding baby w/ amniotic
  fluid inside to cushion
• http//www.howstuffworks.com/adam-200127.htm
• Umbilical Cord
• a. connects babies navel to placenta
• b. 2 arteries take wastes away from body
• c. 1 vein brings goodies into baby

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Embryo takes shape

• Organ formation begins about 3 weeks after
  fertilization
• The area will then begin to develop the brain and
  spinal cord (neural tube).

Embryo takes shape first two weeks http//www.pb
s.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html
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Week 2-4

• heart and major blood vessels begin to develop by
  about day 16 or 17.
• Beats 120-160 beats per minute
• heart begins to pump fluid through blood vessels
  by day 20, and the first red blood cells appear
  the next day.
• Blood vessels continue to develop in the embryo
  and placenta

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Week 5-9

• By the sixth week from fertilization tiny fingers
  appear, followed within days by the toes.
• By the seventh week the baby has individual
  fingerprints.
• Almost all organs are completely formed by about
  8 weeks after fertilization
• 9 weeks from the last menstrual period (7 weeks
  from conception)

42 days
9 weeks
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Week 10-14

• 14 weeks sex can be identified

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20 weeks

• Head hair, eyebrows. eyelashes and nails are
  growing.
• To protect the baby's skin from prolonged contact
  with the amniotic fluid, a greasy substance
  called vernix covers the body.

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• the baby will gain weight and will develop a
  layer of fat beneath the skin.
• receive maternal antibodies against some
  infections
• Women feel movements within week 16-20
• Full term 40-42 weeks.
• Feeding the growing fetus
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/program.html

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Changes in Mom

• 1. Emotional hormones change
• 2. urinary bladder is squished
• 3. other abdominal organs are crowded
• 4. weight changes (ideally no more than 24
  pounds gained)
• 5. Breasts enlarge
• 6. Lactation milk production

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Labor

• Position of baby during labor varies
• Lengthwise 99
• a. head down / face up most common
• face down (5.5 )
• Sideways (1 )
• Breech (3.5)
• Caesarean Birth also known as a C-section

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Three stages

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First Stage - Labor

• Early or latent phase - Begins with contractions
  and ends when the cervix is 100 percent effaced
  and dilated to 10 centimeters
• Average length ranges from 10-16 hrs

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Active Phase

• Regular contractions become longer, stronger and
  closer together. Recommend going to the hospital
  when contractions are 5 minutes apart and last 60
  seconds.
• Amnionic Sac bag of water breaks, 1 1.5 qt.
  time to go to hospital

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Transition phase

• Most difficult and shortest 30 minutes to two
  hours.
• Cervix opens from 7 10 cm and baby descends
  into the birth canal.

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Second stage baby is born.

• Begins when the cervix is completely effaced and
  dilated and ends with the birth of the baby.
• Average length for a first time mother ranges
  from 1 to-2 hours and shorter for subsequent
  births

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Third Stage after birth

• Begins with the birth of the baby and ends with
  the delivery of the placenta.
• Average length for all vaginal deliveries ranges
  from 5 - 15 minutes.

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• What treatments are given during birth if want
  too?
• Pain killers
• Epideral needle in your spine
• http//www.howstuffworks.com/adam-200113.htm

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Once born

• Umbilical cord is cut using a clamp
• 20 minutes later the placenta and cut umbilical
  cord are pushed out by the uterus (after birth)

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Apgar Test

• Tests done once baby is born

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Lactation

• Milk Secretion
• 1. Prolactin hormone starts milk production
  right after birth
• actual milk comes in 2 days
• Advantages to breast feeding
• contain proper nutrition at right temp.
• right price cost effective
• Contains what mom eats and drinks

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Abrupt changes for baby

• 1. temperature change
• 2. lungs begin to be used
• 3. food getting
• 4. waste disposal
• 5. blood circulation

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Problems during Pregnancy

• Anemia not enough blood cells circulating in
  the mother's blood. 
• Fairly Common two types
• 1 - dilutional anemia - increase of circulating
  blood sometimes up to 40-50 in order to sustain
  the growing baby. 
• 2 - iron deficiency anemia - when a woman's
  iron-level is insufficient and red blood cells
  aren't being made in a great enough level.
• Treatment take iron supplements

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Pre-eclampsia

• Only happens when pregnant
• high blood pressure
• protein in the urine
• an increased swelling in the legs and feet. 
• Symptoms
• persistent headaches
• flashing light
• blurred vision and seeing spots
• upper abdominal pain
• sudden excessive lower leg swelling
• Treatment is often bedrest and monitor babys
  blood pressure

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Group B Strep

• Bacteria many carry without developing
  infection or illness.
• is the leading cause of infections in newborns.
  (Not group A strep which is strep throat).
• Doctors find Group B Strep through cultures
  during pregnancy.
• Can be treated by giving antibiotics during labor
  so infection does not pass to baby

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Gestational Diabetes

• develops during pregnancy, when a woman's body is
  not making enough insulin.
• Develops usually in second trimester.
• Cannot be treated by pills, most treatment is
  through diet or insulin.

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Low Birth Weight

• Caused by poor nutrition, substance use
  (cigarettes, alcohol, drugs).
• Can be an effect of a STD, other contagious
  diseases, or no pre-natal care.
• When a baby is born pre-maturely, it stays in the
  hospital for up to four months.
• Babies who are born at a low birth rate run the
  risk of respiratory infections, blindness,
  learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, and heart
  infections.