Proposal Update for IEEE 802.15.3-COP

1
Project IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless
Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title
CRL-UWB Consortiums Optimized Soft-Spectrum UWB
PHY Proposal Update for IEEE 802.15.3a Date
Submitted 15 September, 2003 Source Ryuji
Kohno, Honggang Zhang, Kenichi Takizawa Company
(1) Communications Research Laboratory (CRL),
(2) CRL-UWB Consortium Connectors Address
3-4, Hikarino-oka, Yokosuka, 239-0847,
Japan Voice81-468-47-5101, FAX
81-468-47-5431, E-Mailkohno_at_crl.go.jp,
honggang_at_crl.go.jp, takizawa_at_crl.go.jp Re
IEEE P802.15 Alternative PHY Call For Proposals,
IEEE P802.15-02/327r7 Abstract Recent
optimization of CRLs Soft-Spectrum
Adaptation(SSA) are described after brief review
of SSA. We perform various SSA schemes as cases
with optimized kernel functions and pulse
shaping, which are able to be introduced to
implement either single-band or multiband
systems. Moreover, various harmonization based on
SSA are investigated considering co-existence,
interference avoidance, matching with regulatory
spectral mask, and high data rate. Purpose For
investigating the characteristics of High Rate
Alternative PHY standard in 802.15TG3a, based on
Soft-Spectrum Adaptation, pulse waveform shaping
and Soft-Spectrum transceiver. Notice This
document has been prepared to assist the IEEE
P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion
and is not binding on the contributing
individual(s) or organization(s). The material in
this document is subject to change in form and
content after further study. The contributor(s)
reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw
material contained herein. Release The
contributor acknowledges and accepts that this
contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may
be made publicly available by P802.15.
2
Proposal Update CRL-UWB Consortiums Optimized
Soft-Spectrum UWB PHY Proposal for IEEE 802.15.3a
Ryuji KOHNO Director, UWB Technology Institute,
CRL Professor, Yokohama National
University Chair, CRL-UWB Consortium Honggang
ZHANG Kenichi TAKIZAWA Communications
Research Laboratory(CRL) CRL-UWB Consortium
3
Major Contributors For This Proposal Update
Ryuji KOHNO Shinsuke HARA Shigenobu SASAKI
Tetsuya YASUI Honggang ZHANG Kamya Y.
YAZDANDOOST Kenichi TAKIZAWA Yuko RIKUTA
Yokohama National University Osaka
University Niigata University CRL-UWB
Consortium CRL-UWB Consortium CRL-UWB
Consortium CRL-UWB Consortium CRL-UWB Consortium
4
CRL-UWB Consortium
? Organization ? UWB Technology
Institute of CRL and associated over 30
Manufacturers and Academia. ? Aim ? RD
and regulation of UWB wireless systems.
Channel measurement and modeling with
experimental analysis of UWB
system test-bed in band (960MHz, 3.1-
10.6GHz, 22-29GHz, and over 60GHz). RD
of low cost module with higher data rate over
100Mbps. Contribution in
standardization with ARIB, MMAC, and
MPHPT in Japan.
5
Major Members of CRL-UWB Consortium
Takahiro YAMAGUCHI Advantest
Corporation Tasuku TESHIROGI
Anritsu Corporation Hideaki ISHIDA
CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. Hiroyo OGAWA
Communications Research
Laboratory Toshiaki MATSUI
Communications Research Laboratory Akifumi
KASAMATSU Communications Research
Laboratory Tomohiro INAYAMA Fuji
Electric Co., Ltd. Toshiaki SAKANE
Fujitsu Limited Yoichi ISO
Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. Yoshinori
OHKAWA Hitachi Cable, Ltd.
Yoshinori ISHIKAWA Hitachi
Communication Technologies, Ltd. Masatoshi
TAKADA Hitachi Kokusai Electric
Inc. Satoshi SUGINO
Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. Makoto SANYA
Matsushita Electric Industrial
Co., Ltd. Tetsushi IKEGAMI Meiji
University
6
Major Members of CRL-UWB Consortium (cont.)
Yoshiaki KURAISHI NEC Engineering,
Ltd. Makoto YOSHIKAWA NTT Advanced
Technology Corporation Yoshihito SHIMAZAKI
Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Masami
HAGIO Oki Network LSI Co.,
Ltd. Toru YOKOYAMA OMRON
Corporation Hiroyuki NAGASAKA Samsung
Yokohama Research Institute Sumio HANAFUSA
SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. Makoto ITAMI
Science University of Tokyo Hideyo
IIDA Taiyo Yuden Co.,
Ltd. Eishin NAKAGAWA Telecom
Engineering Center Takehiko KOBAYASHI
Tokyo Denki University Kiyomichi ARAKI
Tokyo Institute of Technology Jun-ichi
TAKADA Tokyo Institute of
Technology
7
Outline of Presentation

• Summary of pervious Soft-Spectrum Adaptation
  (SSA) proposals of CRL-UWB Consortium
• Optimized Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA)
• 2.1 Optimized pulse shaping for SSA
• 2.2 Optimized modulation scheme
• 2.3 Channel coding and decoding
• 2.4 Realization of SSA transceiver
• 2.5 Applicable antennas
• 2.6 Pre-equalization for pulse shape
  calibration
• 2.7 Link budget estimation
• Harmonization based on SSA with SXI and MBOA UWB
  systems
• 3.1 Harmonization with XSIs DS-UWB proposal
• 3.2 Harmonization with MBOAs proposal
• Concluding remarks and Backup materials

8

• Summary of
• Previous CRL-UWB Consortiums Proposal
• on Soft-Spectrum Adaptation(SSA) UWB
• for IEEE802.15.3a WPANs

9
1.1 What is Soft-Spectrum Adaptation UWB ? Basic
Philosophy ? Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA)

• Design a proper pulse waveform with high
  frequency efficiency corresponding to any
  frequency mask.
• Adjust transmitted signals spectra in flexible
  so as to minimize interference with coexisting
  systems.

Soft-Spectrum Adaptation(SSA)
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Basic Formulation
Example of Pulse Generator

Synthesize a proper pulse waveform
In case of multiband, a kernel function is a
sinusoidal function. In case of impulse radio, a
kernel function is a Gaussian, Hermitian pulse
function etc.
Feasible Solution Pulse design satisfying
Spectrum Mask

• Divide (spread-and-shrink ) the whole bandwidth
  into several sub-bands ? Soft Spectrum (spectrum
  matching)
• Pulse synthesized by several pulses that have
  different spectra ?
• Soft Spectrum, M-ary signaling

N division
11
Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA) with Flexible Band
Plan
Single-band
Multi-band
Dual- or Triple-band
In the future, if the restricting ruggedness of
regional spectral mask (e.g. FCC mask) is eased,
band allocation can be extended below 3.1 GHz or
above 10.6 GHz.
Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA) can correspond
freely
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1.2 Soft-Spectrum Adaptation(SSA) Classification

• Free-Verse Type of SSA
• ? A kernel function is non-sinusoidal, e.g.
• Gaussian, Hermitian pulse etc.
• ? Single band, Impulse radio
• (2) Geometrical Type of SSA
• ? A kernel function is sinusoidal with
  different
• frequency.
• ? Multiband with carriers and Multi-carrier

13

• Free-verse Type Soft-Spectrum Adaptation
• ? Freely design pulse waveforms by
  synthesizing pulses, e.g. overlapping and
  shifting

2.4GHz
5.2GHz
time
frequency
K-3 Free-verse Soft-Spectrum Adaptation
pulse (Note band notches clearly happen at 2.4
and 5.2 GHz as well)
frequency
time
K-4 Free-verse Soft-Spectrum Adaptation
pulse (Note pulse waveform has more freedom)
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Order 0 to 3
Order 0 to 3
Frequency GHz
Time nsec
Order 4 to 7
Order 4 to 7
Frequency GHz
Time nsec
Modified Hermitian Free-verse Soft-Spectrum
Adaptation pulse (Note These pulses are mutually
orthogonal)
15
(2) Geometrical Type Soft-Spectrum Adaptation ?
Freely design pulse waveforms using various
geometrical type envelopes
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Global Coexistence with other Potential
Interferences

• Multiband/OFDM
• Only (b) is available
• SSA
• Both (a) and (b) are available

(b) Simply eliminate the band if other services
exist.
(a) Use of frequency band having low emission
limit, but the same pulse energy is available by
using wider bandwidth.

• If more potential interferer should be
  considered, (b) does not work because it simply
  reduce the signal energy.
• Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA) approach provides
  more option to overcome future potential
  coexistence issue.

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1.3 Advantages of Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA)

• Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA) can adapt signal
  spectra to any spectral requirement by flexible
  pulse waveform shaping similar to Software
  Defined Radio (SDR).
• 1. Global regulation satisfaction SSA can
  flexibly adjust UWB signal spectrum so as to
  match with spectral restriction in transmission
  power, i.e. spectrum masks.
• 2. Interference avoidance for co-existence SSA
  can adaptively avoid interference from and to
  co-existing systems in the same band and maximize
  spectral efficiency.
• 3. Harmonization for various proposed systems
  SSA is good for harmonization among different UWB
  systems because SSA includes various proposed UWB
  systems as its special case, e.g.
• ? XSIs DS-CDMA as a case of Free-verse type
  SSA
• ? MBOAs MB-OFDM as a case of Geometrical type
  SSA
• 4. Future system version-up SSA is so scalable
  as to accept future UWB systems with better
  performance like SDR.

18
Harmonization Based on Soft-Spectrum Adaptation
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Outline of Presentation

• Summary of pervious Soft-Spectrum Adaptation
  (SSA) proposals of CRL-UWB Consortium
• Optimized Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA)
• 2.1 Optimized pulse shaping for SSA
• 2.2 Optimized modulation scheme
• 2.3 Channel coding and decoding
• 2.4 Realization of SSA transceiver
• 2.5 Applicable antennas
• 2.6 Pre-equalization for pulse shape
  calibration
• 2.7 Link budget estimation
• Harmonization based on SSA with SXI and MBOA UWB
  systems
• 3.1 Harmonization with XSIs DS-UWB proposal
• 3.2 Harmonization with MBOAs proposal
• Concluding remarks and Backup materials

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2.1. Optimized Pulse Shaping for SSA
Low peak
Optimized pulse shape

• Mutually orthogonal
• Available to
• Pulse shape multiple access
• Pulse shape modulation
• Available notches
• In order to reduce narrowband interferences
• Non-spiky in both time and frequency domain

Free-verse Type Geometrical Type (Envelope)
(Pulsed Sine)
Ex. Modified Hermitian Pulsed Sinusoidal Wavelets
Pulse width and center frequency is adaptively
changeable.
Time nsec
Frequency GHz
notches
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Pulse shape orthogonality can be employed to 1)
user / piconet multiple access and/or 2)
multilevel (M-ary) data modulation
1) Pulse shape multiple access
2) Pulse shape modulation

• Orthogonality is applied to identify
  user/piconet
• for multiple access

• Orthogonality is applied to increase level of
  M-ary
• data modulation for multilevel data
  transmission.

Piconet A
00
01
Piconet B
10
Piconet C
Piconet D
11
Interference reduction
Not use

• Narrowband interferences is reduced by
  appropriate selection of pulse-shapes.

Not use
Not use
Narrowband interferences
Frequency GHz
Frequency GHz
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2.2 Optimized Modulation scheme
M-ary bi-orthogonal keying (M-ary BOK)

• Walsh-Hadamard (WH) codes with length 8
• 2 WH codes are assigned to each piconet.
• 4-ary BOK encodes 2 bits by using the assigned 2
  WH codes

Pulse shape modulation

• Simple mapping Information binary bits are
  mapped into pulse shapes
• Pulse shape keying Information binary bits are
  mapped into permutation of pulse shapes

M-ary PSM can transmit log2M bits/pulse.
00
01
10
11
M-ary pulse shape keying can transmit
floor(log2(M !)) bits/pulse.
0000
????
1111
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Supported bit rates with SSA
Target date rate Bit Rate Outer Keying Inner Keying PRI2 Channel Bit rate Coding Rate3
55 Mbps 62.5 Mbps 4-ary BOK - 2.25 ns 125 Mbps 1/2
110 Mbps 125 Mbps 4-ary BOK 4-ary PSM 2.25 ns 250 Mbps 1/2
200 Mbps1 222 Mbps 4-ary BOK 4-ary PSM 2.25 ns 333 Mbps 2/3
480 Mbps1 500 Mbps 4-ary BOK 8-ary PSM 2.25 ns 1 Gbps 1/2
1 In 200 and 480 Mbps, Pulse shape Keying is
applied. 2 Pulse repetition interval PRI 3
K3 convolutional code
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2.3. Channel Coding and Decoding
25
(No Transcript)
26
2.4. Realization of Soft-Spectrum Adaptation
Transceiver
Base Band Processor
A/D
GCA
GCA
Freq. Hopping Synthesizer (LO Sin Demod.)
T/R SW
X
X
Output Driver
Free-verse Template Generator

• Detector of the SSA transceiver consists of
  mixer with local sine generator and correlator
  with template, in sequence.
• Both free-verse type and geometrical type pulses
  can be detected by this SSA transceiver.
• Thats why we call this receiving architecture
  as a universal detector.

27
2.5. Applicable Antennas

• Two types of novel antenna for UWB systems are
  designed.
• Type A --- Novel ultra-wideband antenna
• which covers almost whole frequency ranges
• Type B --- Novel wideband antenna with dual
  frequency
• which has dual resonant frequency with wide
  bandwidth
• Both antennas can be applied to any band
  segmentations, such as single-, dual- and
  multi-bands.

Single-band
Multi-band
Dual- or Triple-band
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Antenna Design

• Type A Novel ultra-wideband antenna
• Bow-tie printed antenna
• --- covers the required bandwidth
• for UWB system
• Type B Novel wideband antenna with dual
  frequency
• Planar monopole antenna
• --- divides UWB frequency band
• into 2 sub-bands

Type A
Type B
Feed
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Antenna Characteristics (Type A) Novel
Ultra-Wideband Antenna
6
Return Loss lt -6dB
5
4
VSWR lt 3
VSWR
3
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Frequency GHz
0
0
30
330
30
330
60
300
60
300
90
90
270
270
120
240
120
240
Gain gt 2dBi
150
210
150
210
180
180
lt 9.1GHz gt
lt 3.1GHz gt
Radiation pattern (vertical plane, f90)
Omni-directional pattern

• Satisfying the antenna requirement of IEEE
  802.15 TG3a (WPANs)

30
Antenna Characteristics (Type B) Novel Wideband
Antenna with Dual Frequency
Suppress the interference where other services
exist.
Omni-directional pattern can be obtained.

• Suitable for Soft-Spectrum Adaptation (SSA)
  applications.

31
2.6. Pre-equalization for Pulse Shape Calibration
Pre-equalizer calibrates the pulse shape by
pre-distortion
Efforts for pulse design is rewarded !
32
2.7. Link Budget
Assumption AWGN, 0dBi TX/RX antenna gain
Parameters Value (gt110Mbps) Value (gt200Mbps) Value (gt480Mbps)
Data rate 125 Mbps 222 Mbps 500 Mbps
Average TX Power -5.07 dBm -5.07 dBm -5.07 dBm
Path Loss 20.00 dB _at_ 10 m 12.04 dB _at_ 4 m 6.02 dB _at_ 2 m
Average RX Power -74.10 dBm -66.14 dBm -60.12 dBm
Noise Figure 7.0 dB 7.0 dB 7.0 dB
Average Noise Power -93.0 dBm -90.5 dBm -87.1 dBm
Minimum Eb/N0 2.8 dB 3.4 dB 3.6 dB
Implementation Loss 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB
Link margin 6.14 dB 11.0 dB 13.3 dB
RX Sensitivity Level -87.2 dBm -84.1 dBm -80.5 dBm
33
Comparison with other SSA systems
Assumption AWGN, 0dBi TX/RX antenna gain
Parameters Optimized SSA 3-band Geometrical Free-verse K-4
Data rate 125 Mbps 125 Mbps 125 Mbps
Average TX Power -5.07 dBm -7.38 dBm -7.39 dBm
Path Loss 20.00 dB _at_ 10 m 66.52 dB _at_ 10 m 64.48 dB _at_ 10 m
Average RX Power -74.10 dBm -73.91 dBm -71.87 dBm
Noise Figure 7.0 dB 7.0 dB 7.0 dB
Average Noise Power -93.0 dBm -89.1 dBm -83.7 dBm
Minimum Eb/N0 2.8 dB 3.2 dB 3.2 dB
Implementation Loss 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB
Link margin 6.1 dB 5.0 dB 4.6 dB
RX Sensitivity Level -87.2 dBm -82.9 dBm -77.5 dBm
34
3. Harmonization Based on SSA with XSI and MBOA
UWB Systems

• Global Harmonization is the everlasting aim and
  basic philosophy of CRL-UWB Consortium.
• CRLs Soft-Spectrum Adaptation has a wide
  capability to harmonize various proposed UWB
  systems including XSIs and MBOAs proposals.
• Just changing the kernel functions and shapes of
  Soft-Spectrum Adaptation pulse waveforms.

35
3.1. Harmonization with XSIs DS-UWB Proposal
Optimized SSA XSIs proposal by CRL XSIs proposal
Pulse shape Single band Dual-band Dual-band Designed wavelet pulse shape
Ex. Modulated order-0 modified Hermitian pulse
Ex. Modulated Hermitian pulses
Low band
Low band
High band
High band
Time nsec
36
Optimized SSA XSI proposal by CRL XSIs original proposal
Modulation 4-ary biorthogonal keying by 8-chip 2 WH codes M-ary biorthogonal keying 24-chip Ternary code sequence 8 code sequences per piconet M-ary biorthogonal keying 24-chip Ternary code sequence 8 code sequences per piconet
FEC coding Half rate K3 convolutional code 4-iteration of combined iterative demapping and decoding Half rate K3 convolutional code 4-iteration of combined iterative demapping and decoding K7 convolutional code (255, 223)-Reed Solomon code Concatenated code
37
High Band Symbol Rates and Link Budget
Green XSIs proposal powered by SSA Blue XSIs
original proposal Red Optimized SSA
Target Rate Target Rate Data Mapping FEC Fc GHz Link margin _at_ 4m RX Sensitivity
110 Mbps 114 Mbps 114 Mbps 125 Mbps 4-BOK 4-BOK 4-ary PSM and 4-BOK 1/2 rate convolutional 1/2 rate convolutional 1/2 rate convolutional 8.1 8.1 6.75 10.6 dB 9.3dB 13.7 dB 82.7 dBm -80.9 dBm -86.8 dBm
200 Mbps 228 Mbps 228 Mbps 199 Mbps 222 Mbps 8-BOK 16-BOK 4-BOK 4-ary PSM and 4-BOK 2/3 rate convolutional 1/2 rate convolutional RS (255,223) 2/3 rate convolutional 8.1 8.1 8.1 6.75 9.5 dB 10.5 dB 4.7dB 11.0 dB 81.6 dBm -82.6 dBm -76.3 dBm -84.1 dBm
Txpow-6.9 dBm Coded Eb/No9.6 dB, 3 dB
implementation loss, 0 dB RAKE gain, NF5.1
dB Required Eb/N0 half rate conv 16-BOK
3.2dB, half rate conv 4-BOK 6.1dB, 2/3 rate
conv.8-BOK 4.2dB
Note that In the link budgets of the optimized
SSA, NF is set to 7dB.
38
Low Band Symbol Rates and Link Budget
Green XSIs proposal powered by SSA Blue XSIs
original proposal Red Optimized SSA
Target Rate Target Rate Data Mapping FEC Fc GHz Link margin _at_ 10m RX Sensitivity
55 Mbps 57 Mbps 57 Mbps 62.5 Mbps 4-BOK 4-BOK 4-BOK 1/2 rate convolutional 1/2 rate convolutional 1/2 rate convolutional 8.1 8.1 6.75 8.7 dB 8.4 dB 8.9 dB 82.7 dBm -80.9 dBm -86.8 dBm
110 Mbps 114 Mbps 114 Mbps 125 Mbps 16-BOK 8-BOK 4-ary PSM and 4-BOK 1/2 rate convolutional 2/3 rate convolutional 1/2 rate convolutional 8.1 8.1 6.75 8.6 dB 6.7 dB 6.14 dB 81.6 dBm -76.3 dBm -87.2 dBm
Txpow-9.9 dBm Coded Eb/No9.6 dB, 3 dB
implementation loss, 0 dB RAKE gain, NF4.2 dB
Required Eb/N0 half rate conv 16-BOK 3.2dB,
half rate conv 4-BOK 6.1dB
Note that In the link budgets of the optimized
SSA, NF is set to 7dB.
39
3.2. Harmonization with MBOAs Proposal
MBOAs Multiband OFDM
IDFT
2bit
S/P
Interleaver
FEC coding
QPSK mapping
X
S
100bits
GI
QPSK mapping
X
X

T-H code
QPSK mapping
X

40
Harmonization with MBOAs OFDM Proposal (Cont.)
CRLs MB-OFDM based on SSA

41
Comparison of MBOAs and SSAs Link Budget
Parameters Value (gt110Mbps) Value (gt200Mbps) Value (gt480Mbps)
Data rate 125 Mbps 222 Mbps 500 Mbps
Average TX Power -5.07 dBm -5.07 dBm -5.07 dBm
Path Loss 20.00 dB _at_ 10 m 12.02 dB _at_ 4 m 6.02 dB _at_ 2 m
Average RX Power -74.10 dBm -66.14 dBm -60.12 dBm
Noise Figure 7.0 dB 7.0 dB 7.0 dB
Average Noise Power -93.0 dBm -90.5 dBm -87.1 dBm
Minimum Eb/N0 2.8 dB 3.4 dB 3.6 dB
Implementation Loss 3.0 dB 3.0 dB 3.0 dB
Link margin 6.14 dB 11.0 dB 13.3 dB
RX Sensitivity Level -87.2 dBm -84.1 dBm -80.5 dBm
CRLs Optimized SSA
Parameter Value Value Value
Information Data Rate 110 Mb/s 200 Mb/s 480 Mb/s
Average TX Power -10.3 dBm -10.3 dBm -10.3 dBm
Path Loss 20.0dB _at_ 10 m 12.02 dB _at_ 4 m 6.02 dB _at_ 2 m
Average RX Power -74.5 dBm -66.5 dBm -60.5 dBm
Noise Power Per Bit -93.6 dBm -91.0 dBm -87.2 dBm
CMOS RX Noise Figure 6.6 dB 6.6 dB 6.6 dB
Total Noise Power -87.0 dBm -84.4 dBm -80.6 dBm
Required Eb/N0 4.0 dB 4.7 dB 4.9 dB
Implementation Loss 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 3.0 dB
Link Margin 6.0 dB 10.7 dB 12.2 dB
RX Sensitivity Level -80.5 dBm -77.2 dBm -72.7 dB
MBOAs OFDM
42
4. Concluding Remarks
CRLs SSA has been optimized and will be able to
be modified in future.
CRLs SSA approach provides more options and
flexibility to achieve co-existence, interference
avoidance, matching with regulatory spectral
mask, and high data rate.
CRLs SSA has a superior capability to harmonize
various proposed UWB systems XSIs, MBOAs and
others.
Thats why SSA is the best solution for the
standard!
43
Backup Materials
44
Pulse pre-equalization taking into account
different kinds of UWB antennas and filters (1)

• Transient transmission model based on antennas
  transfer function

transient response of transmitter antenna
filter
transmitter voltage of input pulse signal
free space impedance
reference impedance at the antenna connector
Group delay of antennas transfer function

• Radiated pulse waveforms and their corresponding
  spectra would be inevitably changed by the
  antennas transfer function, and FCC spectral
  mask may no longer be satisfied as ever.

45
Pulse pre-equalization taking into account
different kinds of UWB antennas and filters (2)

• Pulse-antenna co-design based on
  pre-equalization, so as to realize FCC spectral
  mask matching and waveform optimization.

• Pulse pre-equalization can compensate this
  deterioration, even in the case of serious pulse
  waveform distortion.
• Pre-equalizer could be adaptively re-designed by
  software approach, corresponding to arbitrary
  input pulse waveforms, antenna types, angle of
  incidence, load impedance, polarization, and TR
  matching/shaping networks.
• Pre-equalizer could be further extended to
  consider the multipath fading channel, including
  pre-combining LOS and NLOS multipath components
  of variable amplitudes and possible polarity
  reversals.

46
Output
47
RF 15 mW PLL 50 mW

• Geometrical Tx

Base Band Processor
X
X
I
A/D
GCA
GCA
I
X
X
A/D
Q
GCA
GCA
Q
Freq. Hopping Synthesizer
T/R SW
I
X
X
I

Q
X
X
Output Driver
Q
AFE65mW
AFE160mW

• Multi-band OFDM

IFFT
Convolutional
Bit
Constellation
Input
DAC
Scrambler
Puncturer
Insert Pilots
Encoder
Interleaver
Mapping
Data
Add CP GI
p
cos
(
2
f
t
)
c
Power consumption (Transmitter)
Time Frequency Code