Chapter 1 Introduction

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Chapter 1 Introduction

• Human Anatomy and Physiology I
• Mr. Dawson

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Introduction

• 1. Anatomy and Physiology
• 2. The Standard Anatomical Position

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Directional Terms
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Regional Terms
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Body Planes
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Body Cavities

• 1. Ventral vs Dorsal
• 2. Ventral
• viscera
• Thoracic
• Pleural and pericardial cavities
• Abdominopelvic

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Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
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Membrane Coverings

• 1. Serous membrane or Serosa
• Double membrane - fluid
• 2. Covers organs and cavity walls
• Parietal vs visceral
• Parietal pericardium
• Visceral pleura
• Visceral peritoneum (covers abdominal organs)

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Serous Membrane (Serosa)
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Heart and Serous Membranes
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Cavities in the Head
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Characteristics of the Human Body

• I. Levels of Organization
• II. Life Functions
• III. Systems of the Body
• IV. Survival Needs
• V. Homeostasis

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Organization of the Human Body
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Life Functions

• 1. Response to stimuli
• 2. Metabolism
• Anabolic
• To build up energy requiring
• Catabolic
• To break down energy releasing
• 3. Reproduction
• Gametes Sexual
• sperm and egg haploid
• 1-celled zygote

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What do organisms need to survive?

• 1. Nutrients
• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins,
  minerals
• 2. Oxygen
• 20 of air
• Cellular respiration (glucose oxygen)
• 3. Water
• 60-80 water
• Cells mostly made of water
• Hydrolysis reactions
• 4. Maintain normal body temperature
• 37 C

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Body Systems

• Organs work together to accomplish a common
  purpose
• What should you know about each system?
• 1. Overall or general function
• 2. Examples of organs

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Body Systems
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Homeostasis

• 1. Maintain stable internal condition within the
  body
• 2. Dynamic
• Conditions are maintained within narrow limits
• 3. All organs are involved work together or in
  opposition
• 4. Examples
• Glucose levels
• Blood Clotting
• Gas levels (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
• pH

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Control Systems- Homeostasis
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Feedback Systems

• (1). Negative
• (a). Inverse variable change- to the initial
  response
• (b). Blood Glucose Control- Endocrine System
• (c). Most common
• (2). Positive
• (a). Direct variable change- in the same
  direction as the original change
• (b). Self-perpetuating events
• (c). Blood Clotting Labor and Contractions!
  (Oxytocin)

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Negative Feedback System Pancreas (blood glucose
regulation)
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Antidiurectic Hormone and Water Balance

• 1. Kidneys help to maintain proper water balance
  in the body.
• 2. Blood low levels of water (hypertension)
• ADH released from posterior pituitary gland
• Causes reabsorption of water into the blood (from
  the kidney tubules)
• 3. If water volume is too high
• ADH not released ---------? increased urination

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Kidney Tubules
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Positive Feedback System
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Homeostatic Failure

• Homeostatic mechanisms must cope or adapt to
  stress
• Changes in the environment, introduction of
  pathogens, etc.
• The failure of one system may affect another
  system adversely.
• Effect of Disease (failure to maintain
  homeostasis)
• 1. pathogens 2. genetics 3. abnormal cell
  growth due to cancer
• 4. degenerative 5. trauma environmental
  hazards
• 5. nutrition (Scurvy and vitamin C)