The Cell Lecture 2

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The Cell Lecture 2

• College Biology
• Southern Boone County Schools
• Bill Palmer

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The Cell
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The Players

• Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) 1600s
• Pond water
• Invented Microscope
• Robert Hooke (English) 1600s
• Cork cells

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Hooks Cork Cells
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Leeuwenhoek
a
b
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The Players-2

• Schleiden and Schwann
• Cell theory
• Schleiden (plants)
• Schwann (animals)
• Virchow (all living things)

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Cell Theory

• Every form of life is a cell, or is composed of
  cells.
• Every cell came from a previous cell.

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100 m
blue whale
10 m
human
1 m
10 cm
chicken egg
1 cm
1 mm
frog egg
100 µm
plant and animal cells
10 µm
cell nucleus
most bacteria
mitochondria
1 µm
smallest bacteria
100 nm
largest virus
10 nm
proteins
1 nm
lipids
atoms
0.1 nm
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Microscope enlargements of the tip of this pin
show an abundance of life--in this case
bacteria--thriving on an object that we normally
think of as being devoid of living organisms. (a
x85 b x425 c x2100)
a
b
c
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Two Types of Cells

• Prokaryotes
• Bacteria
• Cyanobacteria

• Eukaryotes
• Plants
• Animals
• Fungi
• Protists

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Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Fig. 4.2
within membrane- bound nucleus
in nucleoid region
usually smaller
usually larger
usually single-celled
often multi-celled
O2
O2
O2
usually needs oxygen to exist
O2
O2
O2
O2
may not need oxygen
no membrane- bound organelles
Membrane-bound organelles
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Bacteria Cells Reproducing (Asexually)
So why is the world not taken over by bacteria?
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Bacteria Growth

• LAG PHASE Growth is slow at first, while the
  "bugs" acclimate to the food and nutrients in
  their new habitat.
• LOG PHASE Once the metabolic machinery is
  running, they start multiplying exponentially,
  doubling in number every few minutes.

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Bacteria Growth

• STATIONARY PHASE As more and more bugs are
  competing for dwindling food and nutrients,
  booming growth stops and the number of bacteria
  stabilizes.
• DEATH PHASE Toxic waste products build up, food
  is depleted and the bugs begin to die.

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Phagocytosis
White blood cell attacking bacteria.
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Main Regions
nucleus
cytosol
cytoskeleton
other organelles
Cell membrane
Eukaryotic cell
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CONTROL CENTER (nucleus)
ASSEMBLY LINE (endoplasmic reticulum)
STRUCTURE (cytoskeleton)
WORK BENCHES (ribosomes)
DISTRIBUTION CENTER (Golgi complex)
POWERHOUSES (mitochondria)
CLEANING CREW (lysosomes)
SECURITY GATE (cell membrane)
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The Nucleus(Control center)

• Contains most of the genes that control the
  eukaryotic cell (DNA)
• Generally the most conspicuous organelle

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The Nucleus(Control center)

• mRNA (messenger RNA) copies DNA and leaves
  nucleus to make proteins

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nucleolus
nuclear envelope
DNA
DNA
mRNA
inner membrane
outer membrane
nuclear pore
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nucleus
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
cell membrane
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Ribosomes (work benches)

• Site where cells make proteins
• 2 types (different kinds perform different tasks)
• Free Ribosomes (within cytosol)
• Bound Ribosomes (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

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Ribosomes and the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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• Proteins
• What do they do?

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Everything!!

• support
• movement
• storage
• signaling
• structure
• chemical reactions

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Monomer

• Amino Acids
• 20 kinds
• Some books as many as 23
• At least one can not be made by plants.

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Polymer

• Polypeptide many amino acids together
• Foldedproteins

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Endoplasmic Reticulum(assembly line)

• Interconnected membranes that form channels and
  canals within the cytoplasm
• Move substances from one part of the cell to
  another

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Endoplasmic Reticulum(assembly line)

• 2 types
• Interconnected membranes that form channels and
  canals within the cytoplasm
• Smooth ER (site of lipid synthesis and
  detoxification)
• Rough ER

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nucleus
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
Cell membrane
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Golgi Complex(Distribution Center)

• Modifies, sorts, and ships proteins
• The UPS man

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from RER
cisternae
cisternal spaces
Golgi complex
vesicle
to plasma membrane
to cytosol
for export out of cell
P
P
1. Side chains are edited. 2. Vesicles formed
for protein transport.
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p.75
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Cell membrane(security gate)

• Fluid (moving) mosaic (made of multiple proteins)
  model

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Cell membrane(security gate)

• Major Functions
• Keeps stuff in
• Keeps stuff out
• Transport
• Communication

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nucleus
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex
cell membrane
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Lysosomes(Cleaning Crew)

• Digestive compartments used to hydrolyze (break
  down) proteins, polysaccharides (sugars), fats,
  and nucleic acids.

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CELLULAR RECYCLING
lysosome
worn-out organelle
digestive enzymes
fusion
digestion
small molecules returned to cytosol
molecules recycled to make new organelles
waste expelled from cell
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Mitochondria(Powerhouse)

• Use Oxygen to convert food energy (from sugars,
  fats, and other fuels) to ATP (used for our
  bodys energy needs)

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Mitochondria(Powerhouse)

• ATPAdenosine TriPhosphate
• ATP is like a storage battery
• Changes from ATP to ADP and back
• Krebs Cycle

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mitochondrion
outer membrane
inner membrane
water carbon dioxide ATP
food oxygen
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The Cytoskeleton( Internal Scaffolding)

• Protein fibers
• give cells shape
• anchor organelles
• allow movement

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CHANGE SHAPE
MOVEMENT
MAINTAIN SHAPE
p.83
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SHAPE CHANGE
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MAINTAIN SHAPE
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MOVEMENT
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Functions of Microtubules

• Movement
• Cilia
• Flagella

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nucleus
smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
cytosol
mitochondria
plasma membrane
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
DNA
nucleolus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
plasma membrane
free ribosomes
cytoskeleton
Golgi complex
cytosol
CHLOROPLAST
mitochondria
CENTRAL VACUOLE
CELL WALL
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Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

• Plant Cells
• Cell wall
• Strength and protection
• Limit water absorption
• Central vacuole
• Storing nutrients and water
• Metabolism and waste management
• Plastids
• Gather/store nutrients and pigments
• Chloroplasts

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Chloroplasts
outer membrane
inner membrane
water
sugar (food)
carbon dioxide
oxygen
minerals
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Vacuole (Bubble)

• Storage sac
• Water, Proteins, Inorganic molecules (potassium,
  chloride, etc.),Disposal site, Pigments (e.g.
  color of a petal),Toxins
• Maintains cell shape

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Wrap up

• 1. Who are the major players in the cell and what
  did they do?
• 2. What is the cell theory?
• 3. What are the differences between prokaryotes
  and eukaryotes?

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Wrap up

• 4. What are the major components of a cell and
  what are their functions?
• 5. What is a protein?
• 6. What are the differences between plant and
  animal cells?
• 7. What are the phases of bacteria growth?

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Wrap up

• 8. List five functions of proteins.9.
• 9. Using numerical steps, describe how a protein
  is made.