Author

1
Authors Purpose
2
Authors Purpose

• argue
• condemn
• describe
• enlighten
• entertain
• explain
• express
• illustrate
• inform
• instruct
• investigate
• narrate
• persuade
• report
• teach
• warn

3
Authors Tone

• arrogant
• compassionate
• critical
• cynical
• defensive
• humorous
• impartial
• inspirational
• ironic
• moralizing
• nostalgic
• patriotic
• perplexed
• pessimistic
• reflective
• reverent
• satirical
• sentimental
• serious

4
Ask yourself these questions to help determine
the authors attitude.

• What is the author's purpose in writing?
• Has the author presented all sides of an
  argument?
• If so, is the article balanced toward all
  positions or biased toward one?
• Is there enough evidence to support each side?
• Is the evidence reliable and convincing?'
• Does the author use words that convey emotion?
• Does the article seem to present propaganda?

5
Practice

• Conserving water is important for our
  environment, future generations, and your
  wallet. Most people don't realize this, but water
  is a finite resource. All the water we will ever
  have is on the planet right now. It is important
  to consider this when thinking about the
  importance of water conservation. If we are not
  good stewards of water, our future generations
  will suffer for it. Fresh drinking water
  resources are limited for people, but also
  remember that animals and water species also
  depend on it for life. It is important for us to
  think about and facilitate their survival in
  addition to our own. Cutting back on the water
  used during showers or for watering plants
  outdoors can also help save you money.

6
Study Islands Answer

• The author's purpose for writing this passage is
  to convince readers that water conservation is
  important. He or she presents the argument by
  discussing reasons why saving water is
  important. The author's attitude in this passage
  is serious.

7
Writing Purpose

• Describe Some writing describes something or how
  to do something. For example, the directions that
  come with a cell phone have the purpose of
  describing how set up voice mail, check text
  messages, and so forth.
• Inform Some writing has the purpose of
  informing. Most news articles in the newspaper
  are written to inform. A biography usually has
  the purpose of informing the reader about the
  person's life.
• Persuade Some writing is written for the
  purpose of persuasion. A good example of
  persuasive writing is the writing found in
  advertisements. Advertisements are designed to
  persuade you to buy a certain product. Speeches
  by politicians are also examples of persuasive
  writing.

8
Writing Purpose

• Narrate Narration has the purpose of telling a
  story. The narrator relates a series of events.
• Entertain Some writing has the purpose of
  entertaining. The comic strips in the newspaper
  are there to entertain the readers with humor. A
  mystery novel and a fairy tale are also good
  examples of writing that have the purpose of
  entertaining.

9
Authors Technique
10
Word Choice

• Authors choice of words to show how something
  feels, looks, or acts. These words give the
  reader a better idea of what is happening in the
  story. They can show you how exciting something
  is or how happy/unhappy a person feels.

11
Example

• The ivory towers pointed cap rose in the
  distance as we walked through the olive green
  grass. I looked to my right and a palm tree
  loomed. Its emerald green leaves strained toward
  the sky and the ground all at once. The trees
  tan trunk was a pineapple-like scaffold.
• What do the descriptive words add to the passage?

12
Language Sets Mood

• The long, dark road unwound before Chris like a
  serpent striking its prey. The cars windshield
  was continuously covered in a fine spray of water
  as the wipers swung back and forth like a
  pendulum. Through the blurry grass, Chris could
  just make out a figure in the darkness.
• Chris was driving in the rain. It was dark
  outside. She could barely see in front of her.

13
Authors Style

• Style is the manner of presenting material,
  including usage, punctuation, organization, and
  tone. By manipulating these stylistic factors,
  different meanings are achieved.

14
How to Achieve Style

• Authors use quotations, questions, or visual
  formatting of a text to add meaning.
• The hours
• shorter
• than
• a
• second
• when you are near.
• The minutes
• longer than centuries when you are gone.

15
How is the effectiveness of the poem changed?

• The hours shorter than a second
• when you are near.
• The minutes longer than centuries
• when you are gone.

16
Main Idea

• And Supporting Details

17
Main Idea

• The idea that most of the passage covers.
• Supporting details The sentences that explain,
  describe, or support the main idea

18
What Should I Look For?

• Why did the author write this passage?
• What is the point he/she is trying to make?
• What is the passage mostly about?
• What idea is conveyed in the passage?

19
Example

• Once winter is gone and spring officially
  arrives, it is time to enjoy longer days, warm
  weather, and new seasonal produce. During the
  spring, many vegetables and fruits are at their
  peaks. This includes green beans, corn, sweet
  onions, peas, greens, and squash. On the fruit
  front, apples, citrus fruits, and pears have made
  way for juicy stone fruit, like peaches,
  nectarines, and plums. Melons and berries are
  also available in the spring.
• What is the main idea of this passage?

20
Answer

• Many seasonal fruits and vegetables hit their
  peak during the spring.

21
Summarization
22
Summary

• A shorter way to tell about the events or details
  of a passage.
• It includes only the most important details or
  events.

23
Practice

•  A new zoo in Louisiana has many of the usual zoo
  attractions. Its goal is even similar to most
  zoosto preserve wild animals and educate the
  public. However, the Louisiana Audubon Nature
  Center is more than just a wildlife center. It
  has a planetarium, a forest, and special frozen
  zoo.      The primary goal of the Nature Center
  is to save species from extinction. The real work
  in this zoo is behind the scenes. While tourists
  visit the different animals in the zoo,
  scientists are working to prevent
  extinction. They hope the frozen zoo will protect
  all the animals and birds on Earth.     

24

• The frozen zoo does not have live animals in
  cages. Instead, it has live cells of different
  animals in liquid nitrogen tanks. Liquid nitrogen
  preserves these tiny building blocks safely. The
  cells should be safe for hundreds of years. The
  zoo has the cells of over 1,000 species saved. If
  one species becomes endangered or extinct,
  scientists can defrost the cells and bring the
  species back.     The future is promising for
  the different animals struggling to survive. More
  zoos are getting involved in the frozen zoo
  project. Environmentalists are working to save
  habitats. Hopefully, animals will be saved from
  extinction and given a safe place to live.

25
Practice Questions

• 1. Which sentence shows an idea that would be
  important to include in a summary of this
  passage?
• A. "The zoo has the cells of over 1,000 species
  saved."
• B. "While tourists visit the different animals
  in the zoo . . ."
• C. "Hopefully, animals will be saved from
  extinction . . ."
• D. "More zoos are getting involved in the frozen
  zoo project."

26

• 2. Which of the following is the best summary of
  the story above?
• A. A zoo is freezing animal cells to preserve
  the species. They have saved cells from over
  1,000 different animals. These cells are frozen
  in liquid nitrogen by scientists who are working
  to prevent extinction. These cells can be
  defrosted.
• B. The Louisiana Audubon Nature Center preserves
  wild animals from extinction by freezing the
  cells of its animals in liquid nitrogen. The hope
  is that should the animals become extinct, the
  zoo will have their cells on hand to bring them
  back.
• C. In Louisiana, a zoo has animal cells frozen
  in liquid nitrogen. Scientists are preserving
  these cells to prevent animal extinction. There
  are no cages to see in the frozen zoo. A zoo's
  goal is to preserve animals while also educating
  the public.
• D. The Louisiana Audubon Nature Center consists
  of a planetarium, forest, and frozen zoo. Many
  tourists visit the zoo, while scientists are hard
  at work. The frozen zoo, unlike other parts of
  the zoo, is not a display of cages or habitats
  for animals.

27
Conclusions, Inferences, and Generalizations
28
Inferences and Conclusions

• Making guesses about things not directly stated
  in the passage.
• Use details as clues to help you figure things
  out.

29
Tips for Making Inferences

• Read a passage carefully.
• Look for details about what a person does. What
  do the persons actions tell you? What can you
  conclude about the persons traits?
• Look for details that describe a place or event.
  Based on real life, what do those details tell
  you?
• Look for facts given in a nonfiction passage.
  What do those facts mean overall?
• Analyze why the author discusses and describes
  the topic. What can you tell about the author
  from his or her writing? How does he/she feel
  about the topic?
• Make an inference or conclusion about something
  in the passage. Find the details that led you to
  that conclusion.

30
Practice StoryA Coffee Complication

• Based on her behavior, what can be inferred about
  Lanes character?
• Lane is disorganized.
• Lane is constantly alert.
• Lane likes structure.
• Lane is very laid back.

31
Answer

• The correct answer is C. Lane likes structure.
  Notice how Lane dismisses several different
  answers to her problem when she realizes that it
  will mess up her schedule. She also has a routine
  for getting up and moving each morning that she
  follows without thinking. The speaker even says,
  if nothing else, she could follow a routine.

32
Practice Question

• What can the reader infer will most likely happen
  next?
• A. Lane will go through the day without coffee.
• B. Lane will go to a coffee shop to buy a cup
  of coffee.
• C. Lane will run to the store to buy what she
  needs to make coffee.
• D. Lane will ask to go into the teachers
  lounge to grab a coffee.

33
Answer

• The correct answer is A. Lane runs through
  several different options for what she could do
  about her coffee situation but dismisses them all
  for one reason or another. She is even described
  as feeling hopeless about the situation as she
  desperately tires to think of a possible
  solution. This suggests that Lane will
  begrudgingly forgo caffeine for the day.

34
Generalizations

• A general rule drawn from looking at facts and
  figuring out what they have in common.
• A reasoning is formulated about something
  specific where some observations are made and
  then conclusions are drawn concerning the larger
  category of that specific instance.
• If a generalization is valid, it is well
  supported by facts, experience, and logic.
• If a generalization is invalid, it is not
  supported.

35
Examples of Generalizations

• All the ducks weve seen have feathers.
  Therefore, it is likely that all ducks have
  feathers.
• George prefers to use back roads to drive around
  the Monroeville Mall area. He often makes it to
  the mall quicker by taking Monroeville Road to
  James Street than by driving on William Penn
  Highway, even though the routes are about the
  same distance from his house. He rarely gets
  caught in heavy traffic on his alternate route.
• Based on this text, one could generalize that
  William Penn Highway is often too crowded. The
  generalization is demonstrated by the fact that
  George does not get caught in traffic on the back
  roads and is able to make his trip more quickly.

36
TEconnectionsXT

• Connections between Texts

37
Compare and Contrast

• A concept that is used to examine information in
  order to show the similarities and differences
  between two or more thoughts or ideas.

38
Words to Make Connections

• Compare

• Contrast

• Similar
• In the same way
• Likewise
• Just like
• As well
• In addition

• Different
• In contrast
• On the other hand
• However
• On the contrary
• Instead
• Although
• But

39
Places That Make Connections

• Main idea
• Point of view
• Purpose
• Characters
• Setting
• Problems/conflict
• themes

40
Life on the Bayou

• Passage 1 purpose
• Passage 2 purpose
• Similarities?

41
Genres
42
Genres

• Different types of writing
• Fiction
• Nonfiction
• Poetry

43
Types of Fiction

• Prose Does not use meter or rhyme which is
  characteristic of poetry or verse
• Common types
• Novel fictional piece usually of considerable
  length, typically having a plot that is unfolded
  by the actions, speech, and thoughts of the
  characters.
• Short story fictional prose narrative that is
  shorter and less complex than other pieces,
  usually under 10,000 words.

44
Nonfiction

• Literary work in which the content is based on
  fact.
• Types
• Biography account of a persons life written,
  composed, or produced by another person.
• Autobiography piece of writing that a person
  writes about his or her own life (Using first
  person pronouns)
• Diary written account of events or circumstances
  in a persons life where each entry is dated.
• Journal includes a dated record of daily events.
• Essay relatively short literary composition in
  prose on a single subject, usually presenting the
  personal view of the author. Usually tries to
  persuade the reader about a view.
• Newspaper Article gives information about
  current events that happen locally or around the
  world.

45
Poetry

• Type of writing designed to convey experiences,
  ideas, or emotions in a vivid and imaginative
  way.
• Characterized by literary techniques such as
  rhyme and rhythm.
• Usually (but not always) written in short lines,
  and the lines often rhyme.
• A poem may tell a story, create images, or just
  share a feeling or thought.

46
Technical Documents

• Provide directions to do something. (Manuals or
  applications)
• Used for practical purposes
• Ex. A college application instructs a student how
  to provide information needed on the form.

47
Cross-Genre

• Has characteristics of more than one genre
• Ex. Some poems may read like a cross between a
  story and a biography

48
Characters
49
Character Analysis

• Trait a special quality or something special
  about someones personality (hair color, eye
  color, height, weight, age, beliefs, likes,
  dislikes, opinions, behavior).
• Motivation what causes someone to act in a
  certain way. It can be an emotion, desire, need,
  etc. It is the reason we do something.
• Tripping over his untied shoes, Mario dragged
  himself to the coffee machine because he was
  desperate to wake up.

50
Character Analysis

• Conflict When characters have different
  interests or goals.
• Ben told the cashier that he didnt agree with
  how much money the store charged for CDs. The
  cashier told Ben that he needed to pay the money,
  anyway.

51
Character Analysis

• Point of View
• The side from which a story is told. It can
  affect how facts are shown and how we look at
  characters.

52
Character Analysis

• A characters traits or relationships might
  affect his or her point of view.
• Motivation affects action and changes.

53
Character

• Action Charlie stuck his foot out to trip
  Bridget as she walked by. He laughed when she
  dropped her books and fell on the floor.
• Dialogue I can give you some money, Linda said
  from behind her line. How much do you need?

54
Setting
55
Settings Main Components

• Time, place, and circumstances in which a story
  takes place.
• Place (geographical location)
• Time
• Weather
• Social conditions
• Mood (atmosphere)

56
Where am I?

• The setting is not always directly stated.
• I closed my eyes and listened to the waves
  brushing back and forth across the wet sand.
• Amy felt dizzy as she looked over the railing of
  the Eiffel Tower.
• No matter what, I am determined to stay awake to
  see the first man walk on the moon.

57
Setting Affects Mood or Theme, Characters, and
Conflict

• Winterstories about loss or death
• Dark, secluded places suspenseful or scary
  stories
• Outer space or another planetfuturistic stories
• The setting is part of the conflict when a
  character becomes shipwrecked on a desert island.
• The setting affects characters when a historic
  event such as a war changes their lives.
• The setting influences characters when they
  travel to a place that is foreign to them and
  must learn new customs.

58
Plot
59
Plot

• The storyline or sequence of events that take
  place in a story. All plots have conflict and a
  resolution.

60
Exposition

• The beginning of the plot. It starts off the
  story and lets the reader know any important
  information before the action starts. It
  introduces the characters, setting, and basic
  conflict of a story.

61
Rising Action

• Occurs after the main conflict is introduced.
  Includes details about what the character does to
  solve his or her problem. Smaller problems,
  obstacles, or crises may occur before the climax
  is reached.

62
Climax

• Occurs right after the rising action. It is the
  most intense or exciting event in the story
  because the character deals with the main
  conflict. It can also be the turning point in the
  story.

63
Falling Action

• Occurs after the climax and before the
  resolution. It is everything that happens because
  of the climax. The characters respond to what
  happens in the climax. This leads the reader to
  the conclusion of the story.

64
Resolution

• The conclusion of the story where the conflict is
  resolved.

65
Theme
66
Theme

• A central or recurring idea that is explained in
  a piece of writing, sometimes in the form of a
  life lesson or moral.
• A message that makes the reader think about life,
  human nature, or the world.
• Theme is determined by extracting it from the
  events that occur in a story.

67
Some Common Themes

• Man is mans worst enemy.
• Good is stronger than evil.
• A person grows by facing obstacles.
• Enjoy life now because we all die too soon.
• Love conquers all.
• Treat others the way you want to be treated.

68
The Wolf and The Goat

•   A wolf saw a goat grazing at the edge of a high
  cliff. The wolf smacked his lips at the thought
  of a fine goat dinner.     "My dear friend,"
  said the wolf in his sweetest voice, "aren't you
  afraid you will fall down from that cliff? Come
  down here and graze on this fine grass beside me
  on safe, level ground."     "No, thank you,"
  said the goat.     "Well, then," said the wolf,
  "aren't you cold up there in the wind? You would
  be warmer grazing down here beside me in this
  sheltered area."     "No, thank you," said the
  goat.     "But the grass tastes better down
  here!" said the exasperated wolf. "Why dine
  alone?"     "My dear wolf," the goat finally
  said, "are you quite sure that it is MY dinner
  you are worrying about and not your own?"

69
Question

• Which of the following best describes a theme of
  the passage?
• A. You cant change who you are.
• B. Honesty is not always the best policy.
• C. Be cautious if an enemy is being kind.
• D. A good friend is hard to find.

70
Answer

• The wolf is trying to trick the goat into coming
  down from the cliff. The wolf wants to eat the
  goat for dinner, but the goat knows to be
  cautious around its enemies. He or she does not
  fall for the wolfs tricks. Therefore, Be
  cautious if an enemy is being kind is the
  correct answer.

71
Tips for Identifying Theme

• Look closely at the title.
• Look for ideas that are repeated more than once.
• Look for lessons that the character learns.
• Think about what happens in the story and how it
  can apply to life. (For example if the main
  character must survive an approaching tornado,
  the theme may be nature is at war with mankind.)

72
Tone, Mood, and Style
73
Tone

• The reflection of an authors attitude toward his
  or her subject.
• Word choice and attitude are hints that help you
  figure out what the tone is.

74
What is the tone of this passage?

• The schools decision to add four more vending
  machines shows that it thinks the health of its
  students is unimportant. Instead of working to
  make needed changes, like adding better computers
  to the school, it decided that students need
  sugar, caffeine, fat, and empty calories instead.
  It is ridiculous! What kind of message does it
  send to the students? We are taught in our health
  classes to avoid sugary, fatty foods, but now,
  students have four more chances to swell up on
  junk food. The so-called food sold in these
  vending machines will make the student body grow,
  but it will be measured in pounds.

75
ANGRY!! ? (GRRR)

• Uses junk food instead of snacks
• ridiculous instead of wrong
• Sugar, fat, caffeine, empty calories
• student body to comment on weight gain instead
  of a way to talk about the population of a school.

76
Mood

• The atmosphere that a writer creates for a reader
  that plays on the readers imagination and
  emotion through the use of descriptive adverbs or
  adjectives.

77
What is the mood here?

• I rose from bed with a noise ringing in my ears
  so loudly that I almost lost my balance. The
  noise sounded like the screeching moan of claws
  being drug against glass. The sharp, squeaking
  sound cut through the darkness of the night and
  woke me from my dream. My first thought was that
  a bear was trying to get inside of the cabin, but
  a bears claws would have shattered the glass. As
  I happened on the window, the full moon shined
  against whatever was making the noise from
  behind, like a giant spotlight. I saw behind the
  curtain the shape of something tall and lanky
  with long arms reaching out to the window. I
  immediately yanked the curtain aside as a long
  squeal bleated out against the window pane.
  Filling the pan outside was a dying willowits
  branches pushing against the glass with a gust
  from the winds outside.

78
S C A R Y ! !

• Screeching moan of claws
• I saw behind the curtain the shape of something
  tall and lanky with long arms reaching out to the
  window.
• I immediately yanked the curtain aside as a long
  squeal bleated out against the window pane

79
Point of View
80
Point of View

• Refers to the way a story is told, the
  perspective or angle of vision or position from
  which the events are narrated for the reader.

81
First Person

• Uses I or we or my or me or us
• Often used when someone is stating an opinion or
  sharing a feeling.
• I went to the store today. When I was in the
  cereal aisle, I bumped into an old friend and had
  a nice conversation.

82
Second Person

• Uses the word you
• Used when giving directions or anytime youre
  speaking directly to someone
• Almost never used to tell a story
• You should work on getting your room cleaned.
  First, pick up the clothes on the floor. Then,
  you need to run a vacuum and dust the tables.

83
Third Person

• Uses he, she, or they and sometimes it
• When studying the history of the Earth, it
  becomes evident that dinosaurs existed far longer
  than human beings have so far. One would be
  impressed to learn how many millions of years
  these great creatures survived and thrived on
  Earth.

84
Third Person Limited

• The narrator is a non-participant, but only knows
  the thoughts and feelings of a single character
  (LIMITED to only one character)
• Zoe had seen the building of the Great Wall, the
  fall of the Berlin Wall, and everything in
  between. She wondered if humans would ever really
  learn how to live in peace. Zoe wasnt on Earth
  to be a teacher. She was there to observe and
  document what she learned about humans. But it
  was so hard for Zoe not to get involved.

85
Third Person Objective

• Writer is a non-participant, and tells the story
  from an objective point of view.
• The narrator cannot enter the mind of any
  character.
• The high school students were waiting for their
  buses to arrive as the snow started to fall
  intensely. They had been there for 30 minutes,
  throwing snowballs and shivering in the cold.
  Finally, they cheered when someone received the
  phone call that school was cancelled for the day.
  They all went home and went back to bed.

86
Omniscient

• Writer is a non-participant but is able to see
  into and have unlimited knowledge about any or
  all of the characters.
• The author can roam anywhere, see anything, and
  comment on or interpret events at will.
• Nick was acting like his happy self. Nothing
  seemed to bother him. Nick was always ready to
  entertain an audience. But on the inside, he
  struggled severely with self-doubt.

87
Narrator

• The narrator as a characteris experiencing the
  action of the story.
• When the narrator is a character, it gives the
  reader a close connection to the events.
• The Unnamed narratorSometimes because the story
  is told from the point of view of someone all
  knowing.
• Can be a part of the story, or just be telling
  the story.
• Look for the narrator to act or speak. If this
  doesnt happen, he/she is unnamed.

88
Cultural and Historical Significance

• See Handout!!!!

89
Literary Devices
90
Allegory

• A form of extended metaphor in which all of the
  elements of the story have meanings that lie
  outside the narrative itself. The story is
  symbolic of another story. The underlying
  meaning has moral, social, religious, or
  political significance, and characters are often
  personifications of abstract ideas as charity,
  greed, or envy.
• The Wizard of Oz?

91
Allusion

• A reference to a real or fictitious person,
  event, place, work of art, or another work of
  literature within writing. In order for an
  allusion to be effective, the reader must be
  familiar with the original work.
• My uncle proved that he was a scrooge because he
  would not lend me money to buy the new iPod I
  wanted.

92
Common Allusions

• Roman/Greek mythology
• the Bible
• Shakespearean plays
• Fairy tales
• Ex. David and Goliath, Romeo and Juliet,
  Armageddon, Cinderella, Odyssey, Sleeping Beauty,
  Cupids arrow, Mars, etc.

93
Dialect

• The language of a particular region or group of
  people.
• Includes the sound, spelling, and diction used by
  that group.
• Use dialect to show differences in characters, to
  refer to a specific location or time period, or
  to help the reader know how a character sounds.
• Considered informal and inappropriate for formal
  writing.

94
Hyperbole

• Figure of speech in which the author uses
  exaggeration for emphasis or effect. Not meant to
  be taken literally!
• Sometimes called overstatement.
• It took an eternity for her to return my call.
• She nearly drowned in her tears.

95
Irony and Its Many Forms

• Irony is the difference between what appears to
  be and what actually is.

96
Situational Irony

• Occurs when a reader or character expects one
  thing to happen, but something entirely different
  happens.
• Used to make stories interesting or humorous and
  sometimes to force their readers to think about
  their own thoughts and values.
• Situational irony would occur if a cunning and
  lawful police officer fails to catch a reckless
  and lawless thief.

97
Dramatic Irony

• The contrast between what a character thinks to
  be true and what we, the readers, know to be
  true. It occurs when the meaning intended by a
  characters words or actions is opposite of the
  true situation.
• Honest Iago in Othello

98
Verbal Irony

• When someone says one thing but means something
  different. Very similar to sarcasm.
• Cheesy Study Island example
• Are you doing anything fun tomorrow, Carol?
  Janet asked.
• Nothing except getting my wisdom teeth pulled
  out! Carol replied with a fake smile.

99
Historical Irony

• Irony throughout history. Most easily identified
  when we compare the way historical figures saw
  the world and the way we see it today.
• During most of the 1920s, The New York Times
  criticized crossword puzzles as utterly futile
  and said they were a craze that was fading fast.
  Today, The New York Times crossword puzzle is
  one of its most popular features.

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Simile and Metaphor

• Simile compares things that share a common
  feature. Uses either like or as to make the
  connection.
• Metaphor compares two things without using
  like or as.

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Satire

• A literary work in which the writer tries to
  point out human vices in order to scorn or
  ridicule them. The writer can do so by using
  irony, wit, or sarcasm.
• Satirical authors are intent on making fun of the
  absurdity, pretension, and corruption of the
  respective worlds they are portraying.
• Have a strong element of irony or sarcasm.
• Saturday Night Live use skits to point out
  peoples flaws.

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Symbolism

• A literary device that uses certain objects or
  images to represent other ideas.
• Symbol is usually tangible or visible, but the
  idea it symbolizes may be something abstract or
  universal.
• A caged bird could be used as a symbol to mean
  imprisonment.

103
Flashback and Foreshadowing

• Flashback interrupts the plot of a story and
  goes back to a past event.
• Foreshadowing When future events in a story, or
  sometimes the outcome, are suggested or hinted at
  by the author before they happen.
• Method used to build suspense.

104
Elements of Poetry
105
Poems

• Characterized by literary techniques such as
  meter and rhyme and often use language, meaning,
  sound, and rhythm to evoke a specific response.

106
Different Types of Poetry

• Ballad? poem that tells a story. Often of folk
  origin and intended to be sung. Often consist of
  simple stanzas and usually have a refrain (a
  repeated phrase or stanza).
• Stanza? division in poetry shown by a line break.
  Equivalent of a paragraph.

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Types of Poetry

• Blank verse? poem written in iambic pentameter.
  (Each line has 10 syllables, which have a pattern
  of unstressed, stressed, unstressed, stressed,
  etch). Lines do not have a rhyme scheme.
• But do not let us quarrel anymore,
• No, my Lucrezia bear with me for once
• Sit down and all shall happen as you wish.
• You turn your face, but does it bring your heart?

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Types of Poetry

• Couplet? pair of lines that usually rhyme. Can
  appear in sonnets.
• Elegy? traditionally written in response to the
  death of a person or group. Focuses on the loss
  or grief itself.
• Epic poem? long poem narrating the heroic
  exploits of an individual in a way central to the
  beliefs and cultures of the society. Typical
  elements fabulous adventures, superhuman deeds,
  majestic language, and a mythical setting.

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Types of Poetry

• Lyric poems? do not tell stories. Addresses the
  reader directly, portraying the speakers
  feelings, states of mind, and perceptions. Often
  written with a specific rhyme scheme and meter.
• Haiku? Consists of three unrhymed lines of five,
  seven, and five syllables.

110
Types of Poetry

• Narrative? poems that tell a story. Have
  characters and plot, and sometimes dialogue,
  themes, and conflicts. The Raven is an example.
• Ode? poem that focuses on one subject and finds
  an original way to express what is good and
  unique about it. Traditional odes follow a
  ABABCDECDE rhyme scheme.

111
Types of Poetry

• Free verse? poetry written without regard to
  form, rhyme, rhythm, meter, or line breaks. Has
  no traditional form.
• Sonnet? written in 14 lines and ending in a
  couplet. Written in iambic pentameter.

112
Rhyme Scheme

• The pattern of rhyme in a poem.
• AABB or every two lines rhyme.
• ABCB or the second and fourth line of each stanza
  rhyme.
• ABAB or every other line rhymes.

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Meter

• The regular pattern of stressed and unstressed
  syllables that make up a line of poetry. Gives
  rhythm and regularity to poetry.
• Poetic meter is measured in feet. Each foot is a
  specific sequence of syllable type, such as
  unstressed/stressed.
• Iambic pentameter? da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da
  DUM 5 iambic feet in a row

114
Sound

• Slant rhyme? also called half rhyme, imperfect
  rhyme, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, off rhyme, or
  almost rhyme. IT is a rhyme in which either the
  vowels or the consonants of stressed syllables
  are identical.
• Eyes, light
• Years, yours

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Sound

• Internal rhyme? rhyme that occurs within a line
  of verse.
• In the grey grains of sand
• The dark veins of dropping rain
• Consonance? the repetition of consonants or of a
  consonant pattern, especially at the ends of
  words.
• Blank, blink
• Strong, string

116
Sound

• Assonance? also called vowel rhyme. The same
  vowel sounds are used with different consonants
  in the stressed syllables of the rhyming words.
• Penitent, reticence
• End rhyme? rhyme that occurs in the last
  syllables of verses.
• On the train
• She left again
• And I remain
• In the rain!

117
Sound

• Alliteration? the repetition of the same sounds
  or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning
  of words or in stressed syllables.
• Kara cried her karaoke tears.
• She could not mask her fake fears.
• Onomatopoeia? use of words such as buzz or
  moo that imitate the sounds associated with the
  objects to which they refer.

118
Sounds

• Personification? figure of speech in which things
  are endowed with human qualities or are
  represented as possessing human form.

119
Elements of Drama
120
Terms You Should Know

• Comedy? play which consistently features humor
  and light-hearted events.
• Tragedy? deals with humans as victims of destiny,
  character flaws, moral weakness, or social
  pressure.
• Cast? the characters needed for the play.
• Dialogue? the words spoken by characters in a
  play.
• Soliloquy? narrative spoken by a single actor in
  which his or her thoughts are revealed to the
  audience.

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Terms You Should Know

• Dramatic Monologue? a long speech by a single
  character. The actor can either be lone on stage
  or interacting with other performers.
• Character foil? a character whose traits are in
  direct contrast to those of the main character.
  The foil highlights the traits of the opposing
  character.
• Scene Design? the creative process of developing
  and executing aesthetic or functional designs in
  a production, such as costumes, lighting, set,
  and makeup.

122
Terms You Should Know

• Aside? a speech or comment made by an actor
  directly to the audience about the action of the
  play or another character. The audience is to
  understand that this comment is not heard or
  noticed by the other characters in the play.
• Stage Directions? tell actors how to move and
  speak. Most are in parentheses or italics. Can
  also tell you where the play is taking place or
  give information about how to make the stage look
  to set up the scene.

123
Terms You Should Know

• Prop? article or object that appears on the stage
  during the play.
• The different types of irony are also stressed in
  drama.

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