Nationalism and Sectionalism

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Chapter 7

• Nationalism and Sectionalism
• 1812 - 1855

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1. Industry and Transportation

• What were some of the key developments in
  transportation of the early 1800s?
• Explain/analyze the rise of industry in the U.S.
  in the early 1800s.
• Describe some of the leading inventions and
  industrial developments in the early 1800s.
• New developments in technology, transportation,
  manufacturing will set the country on a path of
  industrialization for decades

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Transportation

• Early travel carts, wagons, stagecoaches
• Turnpikes built toll paid but few profited
• Steamboat Robert Fulton first steam powered
  boat in U.S. (coal or wood)
• Named Clermont
• Could now travel upstream
• Revolutionized river and ocean travel

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Transportation cont.

• Growth of canals mostly in northeast
• Erie Canal across New York (Hudson River to
  Lake Erie)
• http//www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-
  us/videos/building-the-erie-canal
• Produce could now be sent to NY quickly which led
  to NY becoming a major commercial center

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Railroads

• Most dramatic improvement developed in GB
  appeared in U.S. 1820s
• First pulled by horses later used steam
• Could carry much heavier freight
• Cost less to build than canals and could travel
  faster

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George Stephensons ROCKET
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Industrial Growth

• Developments in technology transformed
  manufacturing
• Known as the Industrial Revolution
• Transformed culture, social life and politics
• Began in Britain late 1700s
• Used steam or flowing rivers to power machines
• Textile industry first

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Samuel Slater

• Emigrant from England who knew how steam
  machinery worked
• Was illegal for British citizens to leave the
  country if they knew the secrets to the machinery
• Secretly left England to start business in
  America
• Pawtucket, Rhode Island
• Set up first successful textile mill in the U.S.
• Techniques copied and by 1814, there were about
  240 textile mills in America
• Family system all lived together in town owned
  by factory owner

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Lowell Mills

• Francis Cabot Lowell established first mill at
  Waltham, MA
• Created/controlled all aspects of production not
  just thread
• Employed young, single women Lowell Girls
• Strict rules of behavior had to live in Lowell
  housing

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Slaters Mill Spinning Frame
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Lowell Mill and Lowell Women
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Industry cont.

• Changed workers lives as well
• Divided work into small, specific tasks
• Little skill required so little training required
• Less costly to employ unskilled workers
• Downside for workers?

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New Inventions

• Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney)
• Products traditionally made by skilled craftsmen
  and were unique
• Parts are now made identically and
  interchangeably
• Significance?

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Inventions cont.

• Sewing machine
• Elias Howe improved by Isaac Singer
• Lowered cost of making
• cloth into clothing

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Communication

• Samuel F. B. Morse
• Telegraph
• Electrical pulses over wires dots and dashes
• Morse Code
• Revolutionized communication

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Farming

• New developments
• John Deere steel plow
• Cyrus McCormick - reaper

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2. Sectional Differences

• Why did industry take root in the North?
• Describe the impact of industrialization on
  northern life.
• Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery
  became entrenched in the South.

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Sectional Differences

• Embargo of 1807 War of 1812 had reduced access
  to British manufactured goods
• Post war flood of imports, threatened American
  manufacturers
• Tariff of 1816 increases prices
• Helped industrial Northeast but hurt farmers
• Why Northeast? Waterways for power more capital
  to invest more workers southern land and
  climate favored agriculture

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Social Change

• Industry required fewer skills paid lower wages
  skilled artisans lost significance and wages
• Factories long hours, low pay, tedious tasks,
  child labor, horrible conditions, urban society
  tenements, no sanitation, little fire, police
  presence dangerous
• See Venn Diagram (North South)

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Social Change

• Workers organized labor unions united to seek
  better pay, conditions
• Used strikes sometimes
• Middle class emerges bankers, lawyers,
  accountants, clerks, brokers, retailers
• Moved away from urban areas poor couldnt afford
  to move so became segregated by class, heritage,
  etc.

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Immigration

• Mid 1800s workers increasingly made up of
  immigrants
• Irish potato famine
• German political problems uprisings
• Mainly Catholic, Jewish
• New England cities factories, docks, domestic
  servants

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Immigration cont.

• Clustered in urban areas by nationality/background
  
• Competed for jobs
• Discrimination, hostility, attacks
• Nativists campaigned for laws to restrict
  immigration

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Southern Agriculture

• Slavery had died out or been outlawed in North
• In the South the cotton gin spurs expansion of
  agriculture, slavery
• Removed seeds from cotton
• Invented by Eli Whitney
• By 1860 4 million slaves (1.5 mil. 1820)
• Price - 1,800 (600 in 1820)

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Cotton Gin

• King Cotton became major export in South
• Filled growing demand from northern textile
  factories
• Cotton/textiles accounted for half of all U.S.
  exports

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Economic Consequences

• Dependent on one crop sometimes prices were low
  so some went bankrupt
• Didnt encourage industry and entrepreneurship
• Only one major city New Orleans
• Population grew slowly (didnt attract
  immigrants) this increased political power of
  the North

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Economic Consequences cont.

• One in four owned slaves usually 3-4
• Very few owned 100 slaves or more
• Why did it continue then?
• Farmers hoped to have plantations one day and
  feared freeing slaves
• Felt racially superior, slavery helped the
  southern economy
• Claimed it was kinder than industrial life

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3. Era of Nationalism

• Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism on
  domestic policy during the years following the
  War of 1812
• Describe the impact of nationalism on the
  nations foreign policy
• Summarize the struggle over the issue of slavery
  as the nation grew

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Nationalism

• Surge in pride and national identity following
  War of 1812
• Era of Good Feeling
• Democratic Republicans essentially only party
• James Monroe 5th president
• Henry Clay and other D-Rs supported tariffs
  American System wanted federal government to
  build roads, canals, to link Atlantic with
  Midwest internal improvements

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Nationalism cont.

• Also favored Bank of U.S.
• 2nd bank established (1816)
• Irony This is the group who hated federal
  power!
• Marshall Court
• Expands Courts power
• Marbury v. Madison (JR), McCulloch v. Maryland
  (Bank), Gibbons v. Ogden (Int. Commerce)
• Federal law over state law govt. can regulate
  interstate commerce, can create Bank
• Shift from single businesses or proprietorships
  to corporations

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Economic Panics

• Periodic shocks or downturns in the economy
• Boom or Bust cycles common in capitalism (driven
  by supply and demand)
• Boom high demand, high prices, high production
• Bust goods exceed demand, falling demand,
  falling prices
• 3 panics 1819, 1837, 1857

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Nationalism in Foreign Affairs

• Adams-Onis Treaty
• Gave Florida to the U.S.
• Ended Spanish claims to Oregon Territory
• Opened up new areas for expansion
• Monroe Doctrine warned European powers to
  stay out of western affairs
• Reflected our desire for power didnt have much
  to back it up but showed US taking a stand in
  foreign affairs

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Compromise over Slavery

• Spirit of nationalism failed to suppress growing
  sectional (regional) differences
• 1820 Missouri Compromise is reached (Henry
  Clay)
• Maine admitted as a free state, Missouri as a
  slave state kept balance equal
• No slavery permitted North of 36 degrees
• Only temporarily solved the issue of slavery (can
  you compromise on this?)

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Jefferson Quote

• This momentous question, like a fire-bell in the
  night awakened and filled me with terror. I
  considered it at once the death knell of the
  Union.

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4. Age of Jackson

• 1824 John Quincy Adams Jackson loses corrupt
  bargain (goes to House, Clay gives support to
  JQA then gets a Cabinet post)
• Election of 1828 campaigned across the country (a
  new idea)
• National politics growing more democratic
  (electors chosen by people, property restrictions
  dropped so more could vote) see chart page 251
  still no women/blacks

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Jackson cont.

• He became the symbol of democracy
• Jacksonian Democracy
• Celebrated majority rule, common people
• Born in a log cabin, orphaned, fought in American
  Revolution but actually became a wealthy
  attorney in Tennessee war hero against Indians
  New Orleans
• By 1828 supporters called Democrats
• First Democratic President

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Jackson

• A return to strong state govt., weak federal
  power that would not interfere with basic rights
  (including slavery)
• A return to Jeffersonian Democracy
• Rewarded service with govt. jobs the spoils
  system criticized for this

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Native American Removal

• Jackson - Strong political base in the South
• 60,000 Native Americans lived here
• Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Seminole, Chickasaw
  land seized
• Supreme Court rules (Worcester v. GA) that GA
  cant interfere with Indians
• Jackson ignored it! (Favored states here)
• Executive branch enforces laws

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Native Americans cont.

• Indian Removal Act 1830
• Southern tribes would be moved to western
  territory (Oklahoma)
• Trail of Tears route traveled by thousands of
  Indians starved, frozen, beaten, shot over
  4,000 died

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5. Constitutional Crisis Disputes

• Tariffs were a long debated issue
• North favored (protected business) South opposed
  (higher prices)
• 1828 Tariff of Abominations
• John Calhoun (SC) violently opposed tariff
  (remember he was a War Hawk strong nationalist
  switched to states rights)
• Future of slavery depended on states rights

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Crisis

• 1832 SC nullifies (void) tariff and threatened
  to secede (break away) if the govt. tried to
  enforce
• Jackson, a strong state supporter drew the line
  here the Union must be preserved (favors
  federal law over state law)
• Threatens to send troops (Force Bill)
• Daniel Webster defends national unity
• Tariff reduced crisis avoided (for now)

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The Bank War

• Jackson opposed Bank saw this as elitist,
  favoring North, industrialists, left out the
  southern farmers, laborers
• 2nd Bank charter renewed
• Jackson vetoed it (rarely used) Bank
  unauthorized by Constitution
• Opponents denounced him as a power hungry tyrant
  (King Andrew) new party Whigs

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Whigs

• Many of old Federalists wanted strong national
  govt., broad (loose) interpretation of the
  constitution, protective tariffs, internal
  improvements, national bank
• Renewed two-party politics
• 1832 Jackson reelected

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After Jackson

• 1836 Martin Van Buren new Democratic president
• Panic of 1837 revived Whig party
• 1840 - Whig William Henry Harrison Tippecanoe
  (Indian defeat) and Tyler too wins effective
  campaign
• First Whig victory