US

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Module 2 The Operational Environment
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Terminal Objective

• Upon completion of this module, students will be
  able to describe the USR operations in a
  contaminated environment.

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Enabling Objectives

• 2-1 Discuss prior Terrorist Events
• 2-2 Describe the Hazards and Properties of
  Chemical Agents
• 2-3 Describe the Hazards and Properties of
  Biological Agents

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Enabling Objectives (cont)

• 2-4 Describe the Hazards and Properties
  of Radiological Materials
• 2-5 Describe the Hazards of Nuclear
  Events
• 2-6 Describe the Hazards of Incendiaries/
  Explosives

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Overview

• Terrorist activities
• CBRNE Events that we may respond to
• Situational Awareness

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Ahmed Ressam
Bin Laden
Benjamin Smith
Richard Reid
Bagwan Shree Rajneesh
Timothy McVeigh
Buford O. Furrow Jr.
Theodore Kazyinski
Shokoro Ashahara
Eric Robert Rudolph
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Times Square Bomb 5-1-2010
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Virginia Tech
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Oklahoma City
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Madrid
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London
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Al Qaeda
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Terrorism

• Is and always has been . . . a form of warfare.

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CASUALTY-PRODUCING ABILITIES
Selective Targets
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Terrorism

• Both the target and the type of weapon used are
  chosen for a purpose.

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Psychological Effects
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Achieving victory in every battle is not absolute
perfection neutralizing an adversarys force
without battle is absolute perfection.

--Sun Tzu, The Art of War
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Threat Levels
Imminent Threat Alert Warns of a credible,
specific, and impending terrorist threat against
the United States. Elevated Threat Alert Warns of
a credible terrorist threat against the United
States.
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USR Operations in the CBRNE Environment

• Chemical
• Biological
• Radiological
• Nuclear
• Explosive

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TF Members Actions

• Recognize
• Signs
• Symptoms
• Indicators
• Avoid
• Isolate
• Notify

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Emergency Considerations
Distance
Time
Shielding
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Chemical Agents

• Categories of chemical agents
• Evaluating signs/indicators
• Influencing factors

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Categories of Chemical Agents

• Nerve agents
• Blister agents
• Choking agents
• Blood agents
• Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs)
• Irritants

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Nerve Agent Signs and Symptoms

• S-Salivation, Secretion, Sweating, Seizure
• L-Lacrimation
• U-Urination
• D- Defecation, Diarrhea
• G- Gastrointestinal
• E-Emesis
• M-Miosis (Pinpointing of pupils)

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Nerve Agent Signs and Symptoms

• D- Diaphoresis, Diarrhea
• U- Urination
• M- Miosis (Pinpointing of pupils)
• B- Bradycardia,
  Bronchorrhea,Bronchospasm
• E - Emesis
• L- Lacrimation
• S- Salavation, Secretion, Sweating, Seizure

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Blister Agents Signs and Symptoms

• Red burning skin and blisters
• Sore throat and dry cough
• Pulmonary edema
• Memory loss
• Coma and seizures
• Some symptoms may be delayed for 2 - 24 hours

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Choking Agents Signs and Symptoms

• Eye and airway irritation
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Headache
• Painful cough
• Tightness in chest
• Pulmonary edema

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Blood Agents Signs and Symptoms

• Dilated pupils
• Rapid breathing and dizziness
• Nausea, excessive salivation, and vomiting
• Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
• Convulsions
• Pulmonary edema
• Cherry red skin/lips
• Respiratory arrest

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Chemical Agents

• Influencing factors
• Weather
• Terrain
• Behavior of Chemical

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Chemical Detection and Monitoring

• Multiple devices check various agents
• Various requirements

M256A1 Kit
LCD 3.3
Draeger CDS
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Chemical Detection and Monitoring
MultiRae
MultiRae Pro
AreaRAE Gamma Steel
RAELink 2
RDK Host Controller
RAELink 3
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Biological Agents

• Protecting yourself against biological agents
• Meteorological considerations

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Disseminating Biological Agents

• Ingestion
• Dermal exposure
• Vectors
• Aerosol

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Biological Reference Chart (Appendix C-9)
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Biological Reference Chart (Appendix C-9)
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Biological Reference Chart (Appendix C-9)
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Introduction to Radiation

• Review of Ionizing Radiation
• Review or Introduction to Dosimetry
• Deployment of the UltraRadiac
• Responding to a Dosimeter Alarm

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Nuclear/Radiological Incident

• General Information
• Radiation can be detected with meters
• Unlikely to find high levels distant from the
  source
• Use meters to determine isolation area
• Victims should not be sick or symptomatic on the
  scene
• Exposure only does not require immediate gross
  decontamination

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Types of Ionizing Radiation
Provided by the Department of Energy, NsTec
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Potential Radioactive Sources

• Use of radiological material in a terrorist
  attack.
• Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)
• Radiological Exposure Device (RED)
• Radiopharmaceuticals used in medicine
• Industrial sources
• Naturally occurring

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Nuclear/Radiological Incident

• Time, distance, and shielding are
• appropriate self-protective measures
• Equipment

Pancake Detector
RadWatch Dosimeter
Canberra UltraRadiac Radiation Monitor
FLIR nanoRaider
Ludlum Response Kit
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Ionization

• A physical change in an atom
• Caused by ionizing radiation
• Atom becomes electrically charged
• Occurs when electrons are removed from neutral
  atoms
• Ions or ion pairs are produced

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Ionizing Radiation
X-Rays

• Four Basic Types

Gamma Rays
Beta Particles
Alpha Particles
Neutron Particles
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Radiation Penetration

• These three forms of radiation have a specific
  mass and a specific energy value
• These factors cause the forms to behave in
  different ways

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Alpha Particles
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Beta Particles
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Gamma Rays X-Rays
Fission Products (Co-60, Ir-192, Cs-137
Radiography
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Neutron Particle
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Dosimetry
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Radwatch

• You will be issued a radwatch at the time of
  deployment.
• The radwatch will measure your radiation absorbed
  dose during the deployment and must be worn
  entire time.
• The radwatch may be read during the deployment if
  needed.

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Units of Measure
Roentgen (R) ionization of air by radiation
energy R per hour (R/hr) is used on radiation
survey meters
Radiation Absorbed Dose (Rad) a unit for
measuring absorbed dose in any material
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Units of Measure

• For gamma and x ray radiation, a common
  conversion factor between exposure, absorbed
  dose, and dose equivalent is
• 1 R 1 rad 1 rem

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DosimetryComparison of Doses
Chest x-ray 10-30 mrem
Flight LA to Paris 4.8 mrem
Detectable Blood Changes 10 rem
Radiation sickness symptoms /-100 rem
Lethal dose (LD 50) /-500 rem
Max. annual routine dose 5 rem
Max. emergency dose (property) 10 rem
Max. emergency dose (life saving) 25 rem
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Exposure Versus Contamination

• External Exposure Contamination Conta
  mination
• 
  External Internal

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Incendiary Device Awareness and Response
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Incendiary Devices

• USR teams will likely encounter incendiary
  devices during pre-positioned operations or as
  secondary devices
• The catastrophic effects of the
• 9-11 incendiary attacks.

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Common Formulations

• May include
• Molotov cocktail, ignitable liquids
• Napalm and/or Poor mans Napalm
• Thermite
• Pyrophoric chemicals, eg. white phosphorus
• Thickened Pyrophoric Agents (TPA)

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Incendiary Device Recognition

• Victims with diffuse thermal burns
• Widespread or unusually intense fire
• Chemical odors and containers or fragments

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Explosives

• High-intensity blast
• Secondary hazards
• Potential threats of additional devices
• Conditions likely to effect ops

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Why Target USR Personnel?

• Search and Rescue essential service
• Cause overwhelming fear in the public
• Delay search and rescue efforts
• Instill fear in other responders

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Summary

• Terrorist activities
• CBRNE Events that we may respond to
• Situational Awareness

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• Review and Examination