BLOOD

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BLOOD

• CHAPTER 10

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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

• BLOOD is in charge of homeostasis in 3 ways
• BY TRANSPORTATION-
• -deliver nutrients, oxygen and hormones to
  cells
• -carry away waste, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
  substances (urea and uric acid) and the
  secretions of the cells

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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

• 2. BY PROTECTION-
• - fights off harmful substances with white
  blood cells via phagocytosis and antibodies
• -protects against fluid loss- (clotting
  mechanism)
• BY REGULATION
• -regulates acid-base balance
• -regulates body temperature

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PROPERTIES OF BLOOD-

• COLOR-
• HEMOGLOBIN (the protein pigment in red blood
  cells) causes it to be red- contains the element
  IRON.
• Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin causing a bright
  crimson-red color.
• When blood has low oxygen levels blood appears
  dark-red with a slightly bluish tinge. -
• This is the color of our veins seen through the
  skin. We do not have BLUE or GREEN blood

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PROPERTIES OF BLOOD-

• VOLUME- typically 8 of our body weight
• Typical male has 5-6 liters
• Typical female has 4-5 liters

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PROPERTIES OF BLOOD-

• VISCOSITY- (resistance to flow) flows 5 times
  more slowly than water because blood is thicker,
  denser and more sticky than water

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PROPERTIES OF BLOOD-

• pH- between 7.35 and 7.45-buffer system in
  place to keep narrow pH range
• Too much acid (6.0) would lead to ACIDOSIS-
  where the body cells stop functioning
• ALKALOSIS- or too little acid also occurs but
  is rare

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PARTS OF BLOOD

• PLASMA- (55) liquid portion of blood
• -92 water and 8 solutes (which are mainly
  proteins but can also be nutrients, electrolytes,
  and hormones)
• PLASMA PROTEINS- produced by the liver
• 1. ALBUMIN- 55- thickens blood- increases
  osmotic pressure, Ph buffer
• 2. GLOBULIN- 38 - antibodies in the immune
  system
• 3. FIBRINOGEN-7- precursor to protein fibrin
  used for blood clotting

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ERYTHROCYTES
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PARTS OF BLOOD

• FORMED ELEMENTS
• RED BLOOD CELLS- (45) ERYTHROCYTES
• COUNT called a HEMATOCRIT-4-6 million per cubic
  millimeter
• FUNCTION- carry oxygen to cells from lungs
• STRUCTURE- -biconcave discs
• -no nucleus (anucleate) and no
  organelles
• - 120 DAY lifespan- phagocytized by WBC
• -HEMOGLOBIN- iron containing protein that
  transports oxygen (occupies 1/3 volume of
  the RBC)

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ERYTHROCYTES

• DISORDERS-
• ANEMIA- lower than normal oxygen due to lack of
  RBC or abnormal hemoglobin
• SICKLE CELL ANEMIA-
• IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

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PARTS OF BLOOD

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS- LEUKOCYTES-
• COUNT -4,000- 11,000 per cubic millimeter
  (less than 1 of total volume)
• STRUCTURE -contain a nucleus and can change shape
  to travel outside the circulatory system
• FUNCTION -control diseases

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LEUKOCYTES-

• 3 TYPES OF WBC-
• 1. GRANULOCYTES- cytoplasm contains granules
  that stain
• 2. AGRANULOCYTES- no granules in cytoplasm
• 3. PLATELETS- cell fragments of various shapes

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White Blood Cells
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GRANULOCYTES-(312)

• 1. NEUTROPHILS- (stain pink) phagocytes at
  infection site- (make up 40-70 of WBC)
• 2. EOSINOPHILS-(stain red) phagocytes of
  parasitic worms, might help w/ allergies (make
  up 1-4 of WBC)
• 3. BASOPHILS-(stain blue) discharges
  histamine which allows blood to release from
  blood vessels-(swelling) (less than 1)

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AGRANULOCYTES

• LYMPHOCYTES-
• B lymphocytes- produce antibodies
• T lymphocytes- help recognize previous
  infections- involved in graft rejection
• 2. MONOCYTES - phagocytize and clean up tissue

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AGRANULOCYTES

• PLATELETS- involved in blood clotting

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BLOOD TYPING

• ANTIGENS - surface proteins on the plasma
  membrane of red blood cells. These are
  genetically determined.
• ANTIBODIES (AGGLUTININS) - proteins in the
  plasma that will react with the antigens and
  cause the blood to clump. These proteins are
  automatically formed early in life.

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ABO SYSTEM-

• ANTIGENS ANTIBODIES
• A BLOOD A antibody to B
• B BLOOD B antibody to A
• AB BLOOD A and B NO ANTIBODIES
• O BLOOD NO ANTIGENS antibody to A and B

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DONORS AND RECEIVERS

• BLOOD TYPE DONATE TO RECEIVE FROM
• A A, AB A,O
• B B, AB B,O
• AB AB UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
• O UNIVERSAL DONOR O

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Rh BLOOD TYPING SYSTEM

• Rh POSITIVE- have Rh antigens (most people
  born this way)
• Rh NEGATIVE no Rh antigens
• Antibodies for Rh antigens are not formed until a
  person has become sensitized. (example- a blood
  transfusion of an Rh negative person with Rh
  positive blood, a Rh negative mother delivering
  an Rh positive child)
• The is no reaction to the first exposure but from
  then on after agglutination of the blood will
  occur.

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Blood Clotting

• 3 stages needed to prevent blood loss
• 1. Platelet plug stage
• 2. Vascular spasm
• 3. Coagulation

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Platelet plug stage

• Platelets which are repelled by endothelium
  (inner layer of blood vessel) are attracted to
  underlying collagen fibers.
• Platelets also release chemicals to attract more
  platelets to injury site.
• Eventually enough platelets pile up to form a
  PLATELET PLUG

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VASCULAR SPASMS

• Platelet plug releases chemical (serotonin) that
  causes the blood vessel to go into spasms and
  narrow.

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COAGULATION

• Chemicals are released which convert some plasma
  proteins to THROMBIN with binds with FIBRINOGEN
  PROTEINS in plasma to create a long hairlike
  fiber FIBRIN which will form a mesh to catch red
  blood cells

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Clotting problems

• HEMOPHILIA- bleeders disease- can be caused
  by lack of any the clotting factors
• THROMBUS- blood clot in a healthy blood vessel
  that may travel (called an EMBOLUS) to heart or
  brain

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HEMATOPOIESIS- blood cell formation

• Red blood cells (WBC and platelets) are formed in
  the red bone marrow found in spongy bone.
• Red blood cells are formed with nuclei then as
  they mature (3 to 5 days) the produce huge
  amounts of hemoglobin which eventually pushes the
  nucleus and organelles out of the cell.

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HEMOGLOBIN

• Each red blood cell contains about 250 Million
  hemoglobin molecules.
• Each hemoglobin molecule can carry bind to 4
  molecules of oxygen.
• EACH RED BLOOD CELL can carry 1 BILLION MOLECULES
  OF OXYGEN

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KIDNEYS responsibility in HEMATOPOIESIS

• When blood oxygen levels drop then kidneys
  produce a hormone called ERYTHROPOIETIN that
  targets the red bone marrow for production of RBC.

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How much blood can we lose?

• Clots usually form in 3 to 6 minutes to stop
  bleeding
• 30 of blood volume lost will cause severe shock.
• Blood banks can store blood for up to 35 days.

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