World War I

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World War I
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EQ

• What were the MAIN causes of the First World War?
• How did these causes contribute to the most
  destructive war in history (to that point)?
• How did WWI end the old world and lead to a new
  world?
• In what way was WWI the prelude to WWII?

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EQ II

• What were some of the constitutional issues
  facing the US Federal Government as a result of
  WWI?
• What attempts were made to preserve the peace
  post 1918?
• Were these attempts successful?

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Causes of World War I

• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism
• Nationalism

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Militarism

• Industrial Revolution
• Arms race
• Strong military great power
• All nations have standing armies
• Patriotism

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Alliances

• Pre-War
• Make pacts (agreements) to avoid war
• Dual Alliance leads to Triple Alliance Germany,
  Austria-Hungary and then Italy
• Triple Entente Britain, France Russia

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Alliances

• War time
• Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria

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Alliances

• War time
• Allied Powers
• Britain
• France
• Russia (out in March 1918)
• Italy (in May 1915)
• US (in April 1917)

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Imperialism

• Competition for colonies struggle for survival
• Competition brings nations to brink of war
• Desire for empire brings mistrust among nations

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Nationalism

• Industrialism leads to competition among nations
  like Germany Britain
• Disputes over territory causes problems between
  France Germany over Alsace-Lorraine
• Various ethnic groups in the Austrian Empire like
  the Serbs

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Closer ties with the Allies

• Americans traced their Ancestry to Britain
• Common language
• Shared democratic principles
• U.S. had developed into a main source of goods
  for the Allied powers.
• For example, arms, supplies, food and loans.

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American Neutrality
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Neutrality

• 1914 President Wilson issues Proclamation of
  Neutrality
• urges America remain neutral
• Following the precedent of Washington

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America Declares War

• Reasons
• German Submarine Warfare
• German U-Boats used to blockade Britain
• also attacked neutral ships
• Americans were shocked by Germanys violation of
  international law

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America Declares War

• Lusitania 1915
• British passenger liner sunk by German U-Boat
• 1,000 passengers killed
• 128 Americans

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Sussex Pledge1916
Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Sussex Pledge

• German submarine attacked an unarmed French
  Passenger ship, the Sussex
• Wilson threatened to break off relations with
  Germany
• Germany needed to appease the US keep them out
  of the war
• Passenger ships would not be targeted
• Merchant ships would not be sunk until the
  presence of weapons had been established, if
  necessary by a search of the ship
• Merchant ships would not be sunk without
  provision for the safety of passengers and crew

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The Zimmerman Note
German Foreign Minister Alfred Zimmerman
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The Zimmerman Note

• 16 January 1917
• Sent from Foreign Minister Zimmerman to German
  embassy
• Germany asked Mexico to declare war against the
  United States wanted U.S. in two-front war
• Germany promised to restore Texas, New Mexico,
  Arizona to Mexico at end of the war
• Promised Mexico financial aid if they declared
  war on the US
• Mexico refused the offer

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Submarine Warfare Continues
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Submarine Warfare Continues

• 1917- Germans renew unrestricted submarine
  warfare
• Germans believed Allies could be defeated before
  the US entered the war
• sink unarmed American ships
• Wilson asks Congress to declare war inApril 1917
• claims world must be made safe for democracy

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1917
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April 2, 1917
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Russian Revolution 1917
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The Russian Revolution

• November 1917
• Communists come to power
• take Russia out of war
• Germany free to fight only on western front
• US officially in the war but still in small
  numbers
• Germany could potentially win war now
• American involvement therefore saved Allied war
  effort
• 11 November 1918- Germany surrenders

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Vladimir Lenin
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America at War
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Increasing Presidential Powers
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Wilson AsCommander-in-Chief
Wilson
Lincoln
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Mobilizing the Economy

• Industry
• Labor Unions
• Railroads
• Shipping
• Fuel
• Food

President Woodrow Wilson
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Increasing Presidential Powers

• Wilson was a strong wartime President
• given emergency power to direct economy and war
  effort
• federal and executive power greatly increased
• precedent of strong executive leadership during
  wartime established by Lincoln during the Civil
  War

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Controlling the Economy

• Due to the national emergency the Federal
  Government took control over the following areas
  of the economy
• industry
• labor unions
• railroads
• shipping
• fuel
• farming

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Controlling the Economy

• The Federal Government purchased the entire 1917
  wheat crop
• encouraged wheat-less and meatless days at
  home
• encouraged Americans to grow Victory Gardens to
  produce their own food

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Financing the War
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Financing the War

• the Federal Government raised money in the
  following ways
• increased income and excise taxes
• America loaned Allies 10 billion to buy war
  supplies
• Federal government issued Liberty Bonds to raise
  money
• Apr 24, 1917 Emergency Loan Act authorizes issue
  of 5 billion in bonds at 3.5 percent

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Raising Revenues
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Providing Manpower
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Providing Manpower

• Wilson asks Congress to impose a military draft
  because volunteers werent enough
• three weeks after war was declared, only 97,000
  had volunteered for service
• 3 million men drafted under Selective Service
  Act
• use of substitutes forbidden
• many people opposed conscription draft
• considered denial of individual rights

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Providing Manpower

• Selective Service Act
• all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register
  for military service
• August 1918 the age range expanded to include
  all men 18 to 45
• By the end of World War I, 2.8 million had been
  drafted

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Selective Service Act
American Doughboy
President Wilson
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Wartime Constitutional Issues
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Wilson CivilLiberties

• Espionage Act
• 1917
• Sedition Act
• 1918

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Constitutional Issues

• Espionage Act 1917
• prohibited mailing of any anti-war materials
• Sedition Act 1918
• imprisoned anyone who spoke or wrote against war
  effort
• considered violation of 1st Amendment

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Schenck v. U.S.

• Background
• Charles Schenck arrested and convicted for
  publishing and distributing literature to resist
  the draft
• Felt his First Amendment rights were being
  violated
• Freedom of Speech and Right to Assemble

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Constitutional Issues

• Decision
• Supreme Court ruled there are limits to speech
• Freedom of speech could not be allowed in the
  face of clear present danger
• Anything that causes panic is forbidden.
• Court ruled against Schenck.
• Believed his actions would endanger the safety of
  the United States.

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Oliver WendellHolmes

• A clear and present
• danger
• Oliver Wendell Holmes

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The Red Scare, 1918 1919
Scared, yet?
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The Red Scare1918-1919
A. Mitchell Palmer
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The Red Scare

• A. Mitchell Palmer
• led the Palmer Raids to arrest suspected
  communists
• constitutional rights often violated during
  Palmer Raids
•  Palmer violated Constitution in the following
  ways
• phones illegally wiretapped
• habeas corpus often denied
• the fear created by the Palmer Raids called the
  Red Scare

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Peace Arms Control
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The 14 Points
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The Fourteen Points

• Wilsons plan for world peace which called for
  the following
• fair treatment of Central Powers
• self-determination for nationalities
• Freedom of the seas
• peace maintained by League of Nations Point 14
• Mr. Wilson bores me with his Fourteen Points
  why, God Almighty has only Ten! Georges
  Clemenceau

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Versailles Treaty
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Treaty of Versailles

• France and Britain favored harsh terms against
  Germany
• Wilson favored fairness
•  Terms of Versailles Treaty
• Germany lost territory to France and Poland
• German army reduced to 100,000 soldiers
• Germany forced to pay reparations (33 billion)
• Germany had to accept full responsibility for
  starting the war
• War Guilt Clause (Article 231)

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The Big Four
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Treaty of Versailles

• Germans outraged at the peace terms
• Created, in part, the conditions for Hitler and
  Nazism to come power in Germany
• German saw Treaty as huge humiliation that needed
  to be avenged

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Georges Clemenceau

• Its easier to make war
• than to make peace.
• George Clemenceau
• French Premier

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German Outrage
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League of Nations
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Senate Opposition to the League
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Lodge Reservations

• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge opposed U.S. membership
  in League of Nations
• believed membership in League would violate
  Americas isolationist policy George
  Washington
• League could involve U.S. in war which would
  violate the Constitution only Congress can
  declare war

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Lodge Reservations

• Lodge demanded changes made before Senate would
  accept U.S. membership in the League
• changes called the Lodge Reservations
• Wrote 14 reservations that, if agreed to by
  Wilson, would have undermined the League of
  Nations

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Constitutional Crisis
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Constitutional Crisis

• Wilson refused any compromises on League
• suffered a stroke campaigning for U.S. entry into
  the League
• left partially paralyzed
• Wilsons wife believed to be the acting President
  during illness
• violated the order of succession
•  1920- Senate votes down Versailles Treaty and
  League membership

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Election of 1920
Warren G. Harding
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Election of 1920

• Warren Harding elected President
• calls for a return to normalcy
• Go back to the way life was before the war
• isolationism becomes U.S. foreign policy
• progressivism officially ends

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Attempts to Preserve Peace

• Washington Naval Conference 1921
• U.S., Britain, Japan, France, Italy agree to
  limit the construction of warships for 10 years
• War Debts
• World War I transformed U.S. from debtor to
  creditor nation
• nations tried to avoid or cancel debts

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Attempts to Preserve Peace

• Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
• an international agreement to outlaw war
• Germany, Italy, Japan also signed the pact later
  become the Axis Powers in World War II

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Attempts to Preserve Peace

• World Court
• established by League of Nations to settle
  disputes according to international law
• U.S. did not join
• considered violation of isolationist policy

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• I can predict with absolute
• certainty that within
• another generation there
• will be another world war.
• Woodrow Wilson

Leaving Office
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September 1,1939