McKay Chapter 13 Section 2.9

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McKay Chapter 13Section 2.9

• The Protestant Reformation

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The Reformation
Council of Trent
Great Schism
Act of Supremacy
Conciliar Movement ends
Calvin rules Geneva
Luthers 95 Thesis
1309 1378 1417 1513 1517 1521 1525 1534
1536 1541 1545 1555
Italian Renaissance
Calvins Institutes of Christian Religion
Peasants War
Erasmus In Praise of Folly
Babylonian Captivity
Diet of Worms
Peace of Augsburg
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Long-term Causes of the Reformation

• Religious
• Corruption
• Simony, pluralism, nepotism, moral decay
• Babylonian Captivity
• Great Schism
• Political
• Resentment of Church interference in state
  affairs
• Economic
• Tithe, usury laws
• Intellectual
• Renaissance thought encouraged many to question
  Churchs teachings
• Technological
• Guttenberg's printing press

Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) of the Borgia Family
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Martin Luther (1483-1546)

• Augustinian German monk and professor or religion
  at Wittenberg
• Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)
• Authorized to sell indulgences by Pope Leo X
• As soon as gold in the basin rings, the souls in
  purgatory spring
• 95 Theses (10/31/1517)
• Criticized sale of indulgences/papal wealth/papal
  authority
• Common method to spark debate among theologians
• Leipzig Debate (1520)
• Luther debated Johann Eck
• Denied Papal infallibility, criticized burning of
  Hus
• Luther protected by Frederick III of Saxony (an
  elector)

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Luthers Theology (1517-1520)

• Faith Alone
• Bible ultimate authority
• Priesthood of All Believers
• Secular life can be just a holy as monastic
• Rejects celibacy
• Baptism and communion only sacraments
• No purgatory
• Transubstantiation by presence
• Secular rulers are supreme authority in all
  matters except theological

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Diet of Worms (1521)

• Tribunal of the HRE
• Charles V promised no subject excommunicated
  without a trial
• Luther placed on trial at Diet of Worms
• HRE Charles V ordered Luther to recant his
  beliefs
• to go against conscience is neither right nor
  safe
• Pope Leo X excommunicates him in 1521

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Protestantism

• Luther hid under protection of Frederick of
  Saxony
• Translates Bible into German
• Democratizes religion
• Encourages literacy
• Northern German princes turned to Lutheranism
• Way to stop Church authority
• Opportunity to seize lands
• Liked Address to the Christian Nobility of the
  German Nation (1520)
• Diet of Speyer (1529) Charles V orders Luther and
  his followers arrested
• Princes issue defiant protest
• Hence the term Protestant
• Form the League of Schmalkaden in 1531
• Allied with French King Francis I (who ironically
  was Catholic)

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Address the Christian Nobility of the German
Nation (1520)

• . . Poor Germans that we are--we have been
  deceived! We were born to be masters, and we have
  been compelled to bow the head beneath the yoke
  of our tyrants, and to become slaves. Name,
  title, outward signs of royalty, we possess all
  these force, power, right, liberty, all these
  have gone over to the popes, who have robbed us
  of them. They get the kernel, we get the husk . .
  . It is time the glorious Teutonic people should
  cease to be the puppet of the Roman pontiff.
  Because the pope crowns the emperor, it does not
  follow that the pope is superior to the emperor.
  Samuel, who crowned Saul and David, was not above
  these kings, nor Nathan above Solomon, whom he
  consecrated . . . Let the emperor then be a
  veritable emperor and no longer allow himself to
  be stripped of his sword or of his scepter! . . .

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The Swabian Peasant Uprising (1525)

• Peasant Revolts
• Twelve Articles (1525)
• Used Biblical scripture to justify their
  rebellion
• Demanded social and economic equality
• End to serfdom, tithes, feudalism
• Inspired by Luther's theology
• Against the Murdering Thieving Hordes of
  Peasants(1525)
• Luther condemns the peasants
• Used scripture to repudiate Twelve Articles
• Calls for their liquidation

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The Twelve Articles of the Swabian Peasants
(March 1525)

• The Seventh Article
• Seventh, we will not hereafter allow ourselves to
  be farther oppressed by our lords, but will let
  them demand only what is just and proper
  according to the word of the agreement between
  the lord and the peasant. The lord should no
  longer try to force more services or other dues
  from the peasant without payment, but permit the
  peasant to enjoy his holding in peace and quiet.
  The peasant should, however, help the lord when
  it is necessary, and at proper times when it will
  not be disadvantageous to the peasant and for a
  suitable payment.

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Against the Murdering Thieving Hordes of
Peasants(1525)

• With threefold horrible sins against God and men
  have these peasants loaded themselves, for which
  they have deserved a manifold death of body and
  soul.
• First they have sworn to their true and gracious
  rulers to be submissive and obedient, in accord
  with God's command (Matt. xxii. 21), "Render
  therefore unto Caesar the things which are
  Caesar's," and (Rom. xiii. 1), "Let every soul be
  subject unto the higher powers." But since they
  have deliberately an sacrilegiously abandoned
  their obedience, and in addition have dared to
  oppose their lords, they have thereby forfeited
  body an soul, as perfidious, perjured, lying,
  disobedient wretches and scoundrels are wont to
  do. Wherefore St. Paul judges them, saying (Rom.
  xiii. 2.), "And they that resist shall receive to
  themselves damnation." The peasants will incur
  this sentence, sooner or later for God wills
  that fidelity and allegiance shall be sacredly
  kept.

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Hapsburg-Valois Wars

• Series of 5 wars between France and HRE
  (1521-1555)
• France allied with League of Schmalkaden 1531
• Alliance of Protestant rulers (and Catholic
  France) formed against Charles V (HRE)
• Pope refuses to help Charles (resents Hapsburg
  power)
• France policy is to keep Germany divided
• Charles defeated the League in 1547 but never
  restored Catholicism
• Peace of Augsburg 1555
• permanent division of Germany into Lutheran and
  Catholic areas
• Cius regio eius religio

Charles V
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Anabaptist

• Rejected idea of infant baptism
• Only adults can make that choice
• Reactionary
• sought early Christianity of voluntary
  association
• Only a few received inner light
• Believed in religious toleration
• Rejected idea of state established church
• Allowed women into ministry
• Egalitarian with all goods
• Refused to serve in public office military
• Intensely pacifist
• Attracted poor, uneducated urban
• Believed in separation of Church and State
• Civil Authorities were terrified
• Would lead to secularization and civil war
• Banished or executed throughout Europe
• Impact
• Quakers, Congregationalists and US Constitution

Anabaptist Cages of Munster
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John Calvin

• Priest and lawyer
• Institutes of Christian Religion (1536)
• Bible final authority
• faith alone affirmed
• Viewed man as sinful, corrupted
• Predestination
• God already determined who will be saved
• Fatalist
• Geneva Consistory
• ruled city as a theocracy
• Michael Servetus burned at stake for denying
  Trinity and Baptism
• Women
• Obedient to husbands
• Impact
• Spreads in form of Huguenots, Presbyterianism,
  Puritanism, Congregationalism

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Henry VIII

• Ascended to throne in 1509 (17 yrs. Old)
• Married his brothers widow (Catherine of Aragon)
• Extremely Catholic
• Heard up to 5 masses a day (except during hunting
  season)
• Penned (with Mores help) The Defence of the
  Seven Sacraments
• awarded the title "Defender of the Faith" (Fidei
  Defensor) by Pope Leo X.
• Lacked male heir to throne
• Thomas Cromwell
• Henrys chief minister 15321540
• Steered a series of acts through Parliament which
  gradually made Church in England subservient to
  Henry
• Asked Pope to annul marriage to Catherine of
  Aragon (Charles Vs aunt)
• Based on Leviticus passage

Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
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Anglican Reformation

• Pope Clement VII (1523-1534)
• remained silent
• Charles Vs soldiers are stationed in Rome
• Henry
• Married Anne Boleyn Jan. 1533 (6 months pregnant)
• Act of Supremacy 1534
• "supreme head in earth of the Church of England"
  and disregarded any "usage, custom, foreign laws,
  foreign authority or prescription"
• Parliament says monarchy head of Church of
  England
• Six Articles (1539)
• Retained Catholic practices
• Transubstantiation, confession, celibacy, etc.
• Restricted Bible reading to Nobility, clergy

Anne Boleyn
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Resistance

• Dissolution of the Monasteries (1534)
• Closed monasteries, seized church lands (gives to
  nobles)
• Catholic Church owned 33 of land
• Pilgrimage of Grace
• Uprising in N. England crushed
• Treason Act of 1534
• Thomas More executed
• Anne executed for adultery and incest in 1536

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Edward VI Reformation

• Edward VI (1547-1553)
• 9 years old son of Jane Seymour
• Duke of Somerset (Seymour) appointed Regent
• Devout protestant
• Iconoclastic, processions, banned, celibacy
  banned, Six Articles repealed
• Dies shortly after taking throne

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Bloody Mary (1553-1558)

• Mary Tudor
• Daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon
• Devout Catholic
• Marries Philip of Spain
• Philip not coroneted King of England
• Burned 300 Protestants at the state
• Including Thomas Cramner whose recantation would
  have been a political victory for Mary
• Set people against her rule
• Believed she was pregnant
• Died (of cancer) in 1558

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Elizabethan Settlement

• Elizabeth Tudor (1558-1603)
• Moderate Protestant
• Cant be Catholic
• A bastard in eyes of Catholic Church
• Made concessions to both Catholics and
  Protestants
• Priests allowed to marry
• Catholic ritual (golden crucifix, robes, etc.)
  retained
• Act of Supremacy
• Elizabeth head of Church
• Act of Uniformity (1558)
• Forced people to attend Anglican church
• Revoked harsh laws against Catholics
• Gives rise to Puritan Movement

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Protestant Beliefs consolidated

• Reject papal authority
• Reject special character of priesthood
• Accept clerical marriage
• Reject monastic life
• Vernacular over Latin
• Sacraments reduced (2 or 3)
• Deny transubstantiation
• Deny priestly absolution of sin
• Deny purgatory
• Reject cult of saints and Virgin
• Emphasize Bible as supreme authority
• Allow for private judgment
• Parenthood praised