The Middle Ages in Europe

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The Middle Ages in Europe

• Building Nation States

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The Holy Roman Empire

• After Charlemagnes death, his kingdom was
  divided among his three sons. The western part
  developed into one nation France. The eastern
  parts began to break down into many smaller parts
  although they technically remained part of the
  Holy Roman Empire.

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• The Holy Roman Emperors eventually were elected
  to the office by the heads of the smaller realms
  that made up the Holy Roman Empire. This often
  meant that the Holy Roman Emperors were weak and
  much of the real power lay in the hands of the
  princes who elected him.

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The Catholic Church Religion or Politics

• As the government entities known as kingdoms
  developed in Europe, the power of their monarchs
  began to come into conflict with the power of the
  Church.
• Pope Gregory IV tried to remove the influence of
  feudal lords from the Church and the priesthood.
• Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated
  by Gregory IV over the question of INVESTITURE.
  Henry IV later humbled himself in the snow before
  the pope.
• THIS CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND MOPNARCHS
  WILL LEAD TO THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY, GREAT
  SCHISM, AND THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION.

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• By the 1400s, the Holy Roman Emperors were
  traditionally elected from the HABSBURG family
  that controlled Austria.

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The Development of France in the Middle Ages

• France began as a kingdom when Charlemagnes
  grandsons divided his lands into three parts
  the western part became France.
• 987 A.D. HUGH CAPET elected by the French
  nobles to be king. He is often recognized as the
  first truly French king. For many centuries, the
  French monarchs were very weak. Usually, their
  own vassals were stronger than they.

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The Hundred Years War

• Starting in the later 1300s, the English and
  French fought in France for nearly one hundred
  years. The English kings wanted to take greater
  control of France The English kings owned large
  sections of France and were in theory the
  vassals of the French king.

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• Joan of Arc

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• Jeanne dArc (JOAN OF ARC) the Maid of Orleans
  French peasant girl who said that holy voices
  told her to save France. She did lead French
  armies to victory. She was eventually captured
  by the English and burned to death.

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The Development of England during the Middle Ages

• The Romans under Julius Caesar first invaded the
  island today known as Great Britain. The Romans
  faced fierce resistance but eventually
  established the southern part of the island as
  part of the Roman Empire.

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• About 60 A.D., the native Britains rallied around
  their warrior queen BOUDICCA.
• While she was eventually defeated, her heroism
  and defiance against the Romans is still
  legendary.

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Boudicca
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• In order to help defend Roman Britain from the
  people in the north known as the Picts
  (ancestors of todays Scottish), the Roman
  Emperor Hadrian ordered a massive defensive wall
  built across the island. Similar to the ancient
  Wall of China, it provided limited defense and
  required the use of thousands of Roman soldiers
  to man the walls defenses.

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• The Romans brought Roman culture to Britain
  giving the capital its name of Londinium.
• Roman civilization can still be seen in the city
  of Bath named by the Romans because of the
  geothermic waters there that the Romans used for
  building formal baths.

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Great Britain an island of invasion

• Until 1066, the southern part of the island of
  Great Britain was continually invaded, conquered,
  and settled by different European peoples. Each
  group brought with it a different culture and
  language that has been incorporated into what
  today call English.

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• Some of the invaders and conquerors were
• Celts
• Romans
• Angles
• Saxons
• Vikings
• Normans from Normandy in France

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• The uniqueness of the English language today
  comes in part because of the many languages that
  combined with the language of the native Britains
  over the centuries to make English.

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• The Anglo-Saxon rulers of Britain developed the
  southern part of the island into the land of the
  Angles or ENGLAND.
• In the early Middle Ages pre 1066, they were
  plagued by invasions and raids by the Vikings
  from Scandinavia. To the English the Vikings
  were feared above all.

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The Norman Invasion of England

• In 1066, England was ruled by the Anglo-Saxon
  king EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. When he died that
  year, his relative HAROLD became king.
• Harold quickly became involved in fighting new
  and fearsome invasions by the Vikings.
• Harold also had reason to fear across the English
  Channel in the French region of Normandy.

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Bayeux Tapestry
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Tomb of Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey
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• The Normans were ruled by Duke William of
  Normandy. He claimed that the dead Edward the
  Confessor had promised the throne of England to
  him. In 1066, William sailed with thousands of
  soldiers and Norman nobles. They invaded England
  to take the throne from Harold. Harolds troops
  were exhausted from just having defeated the
  Vikings and they were defeated by the Normans
  at the BATTLE OF HASTINGS in 1066.

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William the Conqueror William I of England

• The Normans established a kingdom in England that
  continues today with William the Conquerors
  descendant Elizabeth II.
• The Normans brought French language, culture, and
  legal system to England. For many generations
  the Normans and Anglo-Saxons of England struggled
  for power and to live together.

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• Elizabeth II descendant of William the Conqueror

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• William the Conqueror united England under his
  control. He used military force and bureaucracy.
• He built many castles throughout the kingdom for
  his forces to rule from such as the Tower of
  London and Windsor Castle.
• He established the DOMESDAY BOOK which was a
  bureaucratic survey of the kingdom.

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• William I
• tomb

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Tower of London
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Windsor Castle
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Development of Rights

• The English nobles and people always resisted a
  monarchy with unlimited power.
• COMMON LAW Henry II established traveling
  judges who went throughout England ensuring that
  the law was the same everywhere for the wealthy
  and the common people

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• 1215 the nobles feared that King John had too
  much power. They forced him to sign the MAGNA
  CARTA or Great Charter. This was the kings
  recognition that the nobles had rights he could
  not trample upon. These were not rights for the
  common people but it is seen as the beginning
  of a government that recognized its own limits to
  power.

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• Magna Carta

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Tomb of King John
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• The nobles and wealthy people of England
  developed an assembly to balance the power of the
  monarch. This became known as PARLIAMENT. It
  has two parts to it
• House of Lords originally filled with people
  with hereditary tiles (this has changed)
• House of Commons originally made up of wealth
  citizens who were not nobles

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Problems for England 1350-1485

• About the year 1350 the Black Death or bubonic
  plague came to England. Approximately 1/3 of the
  population of Europe died from the disease.
• The Hundred Years War rivalry between the
  English and French monarch led to over 100 years
  of warfare between the two nations. This was very
  costly for both countries and especially England
  as it lost most of its territory in France
• The War of the Roses 1455-1485 for 30 years two
  branches of the English royal family fought for
  control of England. The Lancasters used the
  symbol of the red rose and the Yorks used the
  white rose. The war ended at the Battle of
  Bosworth Field in 1485 when Henry Tudor
  (Lancaster) killed King Richard III (York).

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• Richard III

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• Henry Tudor
• Henry VII

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The Tudor Monarchies

• The most powerful and perhaps most important of
  all of Englands monarch were the Tudors who
  reigned from 1485 to 1603
• Henry VII (Henry Tudor) crowned 1485
• Henry VIII
• Edward VI
• Mary I Bloody Mary
• Elizabeth I d. 1603

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• The Tudors brought a strong central power to
  England. They also worked well with Parliament
  and avoided power struggles between the two parts
  of the government.