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Structural Design in the South America
(Venezuela), Teaching and Research
by Luis Paredes Department of Stability School of
Architecture and Design University of Los
Andes Merida, Venezuela
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Outline of Presentation

• This presentation will
• provide an introduction to Venezuelan Steel
  Design
• design philosophies in Venezuela and other South
  American Countries
• examples of buildings and design details
• Our home university, education, research
  facilities
• Our current research.

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Venezuela. Facts

• Venezuelan National Institute of Statistics,
• It has a population of 27,250,414. July
  2006.
• Venezuela is a country of immigrants. About
  two-thirds of the population are mixing..
• Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries
  in Latin America.
• Largest cities Caracas, Maracay, Maracaibo,
  Valencia, Ciudad Guayana
• Area Total 916.445 Km2
• Density 30.2 /km²
• The petroleum (oil) sector dominates Venezuela's
  mixed economy, 80 of exports.
• Other major exports are gas, bauxite, aluminum,
  steel, fishes, petrochemicals, agriculture,
  gold, diamonds
• Nafta/gasoline price 0.0325 US/lt

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Provinces of Venezuela
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Provinces of Venezuela
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National Policies and Methods
Venezuelan Building Design Code, COVENIN
1753-2002. UBC-US Seismic Resistant Buildings
Code COVENIN 1756-2000. Seismic Microzonification
in few cities. Steel Code. LFRD and Plastic
Design (AISC and LFRD) Venezuela Bridge Design
Code, the standard for bridge construction, is
the governing code for the design of bridges in
Venezuela based Japan and NZ Codes. 2000 Bridges
in Venezuela are the responsibility of Federal
Goverment (Infrastructure). All majority bridges
are buildings in Reinforced Concrete. Oldest
Bridges (50) are steel...
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Infrastructure Categories.
Bridges Metal Culverts Pipelines Railroads Transm
ission Towers Petroleum facilities Industrial
Facilities. (Steel factories)
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Infrastructure Categories.
Petroleum facilities. Complejo Refinador
Paraguana (Paraguana Refinery Complex)
Largest Refinery in the World 1 Million
barrels/day 56 millions lts/day
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Bridges
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Bridges
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Buildings
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Infraestructure
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Oil Facilities
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Seismic Design Code
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Bridge Design Code
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Our home university, education, research
facilities
Funded march 29, 178511 Faculties3 Campus
Merida, Tachira and Trujillo35.000 students
aprox5000 professors600 Graduate
Studentswww.ula.ve
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Our current research
Theory of the Damage Concentrated.
Griffith s Criterion
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Griffith s Criterion
Resistance to cracking R, Material Property, tests
energy dissipation rate G Numerical Analysis
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
THEORY OF THE CONTINUOUS DAMAGE
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Law of state and law of evolution of the plastic
deformation
Effective Stress Cauchy Stress
Law of State
law of evolution
The function of yield of a material damaged
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Law of state and law of evolution of the plastic
deformation
Law of evolution of the damage for fragile
materials
Plastic deformation null
deformation energy density
energy dissipation rate in an element of volume
Criterion Grifftih
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Unilateral damage
Effective Stress
State law
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Unilateral Damage
expression of the complementary energy
energy dissipation rates
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Behavior of the Concrete one employing a model of
unilateral damage
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
CINEMATIC OF FRAMES
Displacements
Deformations
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Generalized Deformations (infinitesimal
deformations)
Local transformation Matrix
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Generalized Deformations (large deformations)
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Generalized Stresses and Forces
Inertial Forces Matrix
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Equilibrium Dynamic
From Virtual Work
Dynamic
Static
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Behavior Material
To solve structure we need Equilibrium
Eqs. Compatibility Eqs. Behavior Eqs or Behavior
Material
Classic Beam Theory Euler-Bernoulli
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Law of behavior elastic-plastic for members of a
plane frame
Evolution Law
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
ElastoPlastic Frames with Cinematic Hardening
Yield Function c property R lineal hardening R
cp p max plastic def
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Frame Analysis
The model admits that the dissipation of energy,
damages and plasticity, they concentrate on the
kneecaps while the central section of the
beam-column remains elastic (lineal or not).
According to the theory of continuous damage to
model the process of mechanical degradation of
the material and its resultant behavior, a
variable is introduced (damage) that takes values
between zero and one. The damage in that case
measures the relative density of the microdefects
in the material
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Theory of the damage concentrated for monotonic
loads
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Theory of the damage concentrated for monotonic
loads
Flórez-López 2, advances that the deformations
owed al damage are
State Law is
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Theory of the damage concentrated for monotonic
loads
Small Deformations
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Complementary deformation respect damage
The laws of evolution were expressed with aid of
the functions of yield (f) and of damage (g) for
each inflexible kneecap. Said functions depend
on the dissipation rates (M and G) and the
internal variables and Damage and Plastic
Deformations).
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
The functions of yield are obtained in base to
the hypothesis of equivalence in deformations,
which consists of admitting that the behavior of
the material damaged is equal al of an intact
material whenever be substituted the effort by
the effective effort
Reinforced Concrete
My, c, Gcr and q are members constants
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Evolution Laws
Plastic Behavior
Damage Evolution Laws
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Parameters or constants
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Parameters or Constants
Deriving
Applying Conditions Borders
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
Parameters or Constants
Solving
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
The theory of the damage simplified permits to
obtain satisfactory results in simulations of
monotonic solicitations or loads
Without I engage, a structure in its useful life
will be able to be submitted to cyclic loads,
reason by which is not agrees to use the model
simplified due to that said model cannot
represent the hysterétic behavior of the damage
neither the fatigue of low cycles. Reason by
which the model simplified should be modified to
manage to represent such effects. The fatigue of
low cycle due to that the increment of the damage
can occur during phases of load still when the
value of the maximum displacement have itself
reached in the first cycle of load.
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
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Theory of the Damage Concentrated
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
http//portaldeporticos.ula.ve
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Example
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the DamageSteel
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Theory of the Damage.Steel
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the Damage
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Theory of the DamageSteel. ExampleDamage
Evolution
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Theory of the DamageDamage Evolution.Positive
and negative Damage
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Conclusion and Summary

• Universidad de los Andes. Merida
  venezuelawww.ula.vePortal de Porticos / Frames
  Portalportaldeporticos.ula.veChallengesReinf
  orced Masonry Steel Reinforced Concrete 2D ?3D