Mineral Vocabulary

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Mineral Vocabulary

• Luster
• Mohs hardness scale
• Mineralogist
• Streak
• Fluorescence
• Density
• Refraction

• Cleavage
• Inorganic
• Mineral
• Silicate mineral
• Non-silicate mineral
• Crystal
• Hardness
• Rock forming mineral

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Minerals (Chpt.5)

• Objectives
• Classify the characteristics of a mineral
• Distinguish between the two classes of minerals.
• Identify common physical properties used to I.D.
  minerals.

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Minerals (Chpt.5)

• Identify 4 characteristics used to classify some
  rocks as minerals?
• Identify and distinguish between the two main
  classes of minerals.

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What is a Mineral?

• Natural, inorganic, crystalline solid that has a
  definite chemical composition. .
• Natural NOT manufactured or man-made
• Inorganic NOT composed of carbon atoms usually
  means not composed of living matter or the
  remains of living matter.
• Crystalline solid atoms (solid state) arrange
  in a repeated pattern. (distinct shapes)
• Definite chemical make-up chemical make-up is
  always the same for the mineral.

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Mineral statistics

• More than 4,000 known minerals
• 8 elements make-up 98.5 of the crust
• Oxygen Silicon
• Aluminum Iron
• Calcium Sodium
• Potassium Magnesium

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Classification of Minerals

• Minerals are classified into two main groups
  based on their chemical make-up.
• Identify and distinguish between the two main
  groups of minerals. (chpt. 5)

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Minerals (5/6)

• Infinite Campus Update
• Volcano Quiz(27pts.)-missing if not turned in.
• Volcano Exam (44pts.)
• Supervolcano summary from article (10pts.)
• Volcano Text qts. (5pts.)
• Volcano Review Sheet (10pts.)
• Objectives
• Review characteristics and classes of minerals
• Identify and discuss physical properties of
  minerals.
• Homework Mineral Worksheet

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Minerals (Chpt.5)

• Identify 4 characteristics used to classify some
  rocks as minerals?
• Identify and distinguish between the two main
  classes of minerals.

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Classification of Minerals

• Minerals are classified into two main groups
  based on chemical composition
• 1. Silicate Minerals
• 2. Non-Silicate Minerals

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Composition of Minerals

• Silicate Minerals
• All contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) atoms.
• Most contain at least one other element.
• Make-up 96 of the Earths crust
• 50 of the crust is made of Feldspar Quartz
• Feldspar are the most common

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Common Feldspar (compounds composed of Si, Al,
and O atoms)
Albite
Oligoclase
Orthoclase
Anorthite
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Quartz (compounds composed of Si and O atoms)
Smokey Quartz
Milky Quartz
Rose Quartz
Chalcedony
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Phosphate Class(compounds composed of Si, P, O
atoms)
Apatite Turquoise
Anapaite
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Other Silicates
Olivine Topaz
Leucite Biotite
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• Non-silicate Minerals
• Does not contain Silicon (Si) or Oxygen (O).
• Composed of 4 of the Earths crust
• Classified into 6 groups

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Native Elements class
Gold Copper

• Composition Atoms of the same element.
• They are simple in structure. (atoms)
• Metallic properties.
• Located on the Periodic Table.

Silver Lead
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Oxides Classcompounds composed of O and metal
ions

• Large diversity of color to black
• Contain a large quantity of oxygen
• Metallic and nonmetallic minerals

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Sulfides(compounds composed of S and metal ion)
Galena compoundPb and
S mine-engineer.com
Stibnite compound Sb and S galleries.com
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Identifying Minerals

• Who studies minerals?
• Physical and chemical characteristics used to
  identify minerals
• Common Physical Characteristics
• Color Density
• Luster Fluorescence
• Streak Hardness
• Cleavage and Fracture Magnetism
• Refraction Crystal Shape

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Color of Minerals

• Some have very bright colors
• Dependent upon the elements making up the
  mineral.
• Not a reliable I.D., because some minerals can
  have the same color.

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Minerals Colors

• Example of elements that can give minerals their
  unique colors.
• green barium
• reds strontium
• blues copper
• yellows sodium
• These are common metals used in fireworks.
• 
  http//www.123rf.com/photo_9719116_vector-firework
  s.html

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Streak

• Color of the mineral in its powdered form
• Observe this by rubbing a mineral against an
  unglazed piece of ceramic tile.

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STREAK
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Luster

• Light reflected from the surface of a mineral
• Will metals or non-metals have better luster?

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Cleavage vs. Fracture

• Cleavage
• Splits easily along a flat plane surface.
• Its related to the minerals chemical make-up
  and arrangement.
• Fracture
• Breaks or fractures at random places on the
  mineral.

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Cleavage vs. Fracture
geology.csupomona.edu
http//earthsci.org/mineral/rockmin/mineral/minera
l_i_d.html
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Crystalline Shapes
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Earth Science (5/7)

• Objectives
• Identify and discuss physical properties of
  minerals.
• Apply physical properties to several minerals in
  the lab.
• Set-up borax solution for crystallization.

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Density

• mass to volume ratio of a substance
• Minerals can have different densities.
• A minerals density is due to its chemical
  make-up.
• Very useful measurement for I.D. a crystal.

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Specific Gravity

• Compares the minerals density with waters
  density.
• Ratio of the minerals density vs. waters
  density.
• Ex. Talc density 1.75g/cm3
• H2O density 1g/cm3
• Determine if the mineral would sink or float if
  it had the following specific gravities.
• Specific Gravity gt 1
• Specific Gravity lt1
• Specific Gravity 1

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Fluorescence

• The light from ultraviolet lamps reacts with some
  minerals chemical make-up and causes the mineral
  to glow.

Fluorite under UV light
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Phosphorescence Some
minerals will continue to glow after the
ultraviolet light has been turned off.
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Refraction

• The bending of light by minerals.

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Magnetism

• Some minerals have a positive or negative
  attraction toward magnets.

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Hardness

• Ability of a mineral to resist scratching.
• Use Mohs Hardness Scale to determine hardness of
  a mineral.
• Scale Range 1 softest 10 hardest

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Examples of Mohs Scale

• your fingernail has a hardness of 2.5
• a penny has a hardness of about 3.5
• glass and a steel nail have nearly equal
  hardnesses of 5.5
• a streak plate has a hardness of 6.5.

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Minerals on Mohs Scale

• 1 Talc
• 2 Gypsum
• 3 Calcite
• 4 Fluorite
• 5 Apatite (fluorapatite)
• 6 Orthoclase
• 7 Quartz
• 8 Topaz
• 9 Corundum
• 10 Diamond

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Earth Science (5/8)

• Objectives
• Analyze crystal structures in the lab.
• Research applications of minerals on the
  internet.

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Earth Science (5/9)

• Infinite Campus Update
• Physical Properties Lab (20pts.)
• Minerals Worksheets (15pts.)-due today
• Objectives
• Mineral Quiz-open notes
• Research mineral application library
• Introduction to Pterology

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What are applications of minerals?
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Uses of Minerals

• art
• Jewelry (gems)
• money
• tools
• fertilizer
• fireworks
• quartz
• gypsum

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Fireworks!

• 
  
  
• 
  
  visitvortex.com
• The specific colors produced by fireworks are
  produced by specific minerals.
• Examples
• green barium
• reds strontium
• blues copper
• yellows sodium
• gold hemotite (iron)

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Month Birthstone
January Garnet
February Amethyst
March Aquamarine
April Diamond
May Emerald
June Pearl
July Ruby
August Peridot
September Sapphire
October Opal
November Topaz
December Turquoise
turquoise
 
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Gemstone distribution
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