Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution
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• The industrial Revolution started in England
  around 1780.
• New inventions were being created.
• England was becoming industrialized.
• These inventions were kept a secret!
• It created wealth for England.
• Anyone who had worked in a factory was not
  allowed to leave the country.
• These machines could not leave the country!

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• Meanwhile, Americans offered to anyone who
  could build a cotton-spinning machine in the USA.
  
• This lead to industrial espionagespying!

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• Samuel Slater, who had worked in a factory in
  England, knew how to build as well as operate
  textile machines.
• Slater emigrated secretly to America in 1789 in
  hopes of making his fortune in America's infant
  textile industry.
• Slater, with funding from investors and
  assistance from skilled local artisans, built the
  first successful water powered textile mill in
  Pawtucket in 1793.

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• Thanks to S. Slater, Industrial Revolution had
  arrived in the USA!
• Samuel Slater's first employees were all children
  from seven to twelve years of age. By 1830, 55
  of the mill workers in Rhode Island were
  children.
• Many of these children worked long hours in
  unhealthy factories for wages less than 1 per
  week.

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• People were being replaced by machines for the
  first time in history especially in the textile
  industry.
• Factory owners needed cheap and unskilled labour.
• Machines cut the cost of labour, sped up
  production time.

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• Factory workers felt threatened by these machines
  and would protest in the streets.
• The word SABOTAGE originates from angry workers
  throwing their sabots into machinery.
• Factory owners exploited women and children.

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• Most factory workers were uneducated and
  illiterate.
• Since school was not compulsory, children were
  forced to work in factories to help pay for
  family expenses.
• Children worked long hours and earned a low
  salary.
• No job security or benefits (dental and medical,
  paid vacation etc.)
• Children were exposed to dangerous working
  conditions.

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• Some kids got sick and died from toxic fumes.
• Some were badly injured or killed because they
  often operated dangerous machines.

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Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

• Eli Whitney invented the cotton engine (the
  Cotton Gin) in 1793.
• This invention encouraged low wages and slavery.
• His invention strengthened the economic
  foundation of slavery in South.
• He lost his profits and nearly filed bankruptcy
  because of patent infringements.
• The Cotton Gin was a machine for getting seeds
  out of cotton.

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• Factory owners used slaves to operate machines
  and increase production of goods.
• More production meant more money.
• Whitney invented a musket that could be
  manufactured with interchangeable parts.
• The War Department issued contracts for the
  manufacture of 10,000 muskets. Whitney, who had
  never made a gun in his life, obtained a contract
  in January, 1798.

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• Muskets were inexpensive and could be assembled
  quickly and easily.
• This was an important factor to the War
  Department because it needed lots of muskets to
  win the war.
• Some muskets malfunctioned because the quality
  was inferior to those which had been hand-made.

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• Robert Fulton and the Steam Engine
• Mr. Fulton was a famous inventor and engineer.
• First American to build a steam-powered engine
  (1780s).
• All steamboats in the USA operated on this
  technology.
• Fulton also built a paddle steamboat, the
  Clermont, which traveled from New York to Albany
  on the Hudson River.
• The steam engine was greatly used by the
  transportation industry.
• Rudolph Diesel
• He was the inventor of the diesel engine.
• He was born in Paris, France in 1858.

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Francis C. Lowell and the American Textile
Industry

• He was a textile manufacturer in the early 1800s.
• He opened a mill that went through the entire
  process of manufacturing cotton.
• He traveled to England, visited a cloth factory
  and then returned back to the USA.
• He then built the Lowell Mills using what he had
  learned in England.
• His mills were used for spinning and weaving.

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Population in England During the Industrial
Revolution

• By 1900, the population in England had
  skyrocketed by a factor of 6 since the 1750s.
• Why?
• 1st REASON
• There were improvements in medicine with the
  introduction of innoculation against killer
  diseases like small pox.

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• 2nd REASON
• There were improvements in hygiene. The Cholera
  epidemic killed thousands across England in the
  1850s because people drank from water
  contaminated by sewers.
• Water had a strong green tea smell and was murky.
• People did not take baths often and shared the
  same water.

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• 3rd REASON
• Improvements in agriculture and transportation
  made food cheaper to buy and more readily
  available.
• 4th REASON
• Average age of marriage dropped from 27 to 20.
• This meant parents started having children at an
  earlier age so that their children could work in
  factories and bring home money.

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The Coal Industry During the Industrial
Revolution

• The demand for coal increased during the
  Industrial Revolution.
• Why?
• Shortage of wood meant people had to find another
  material to burn in furnices.
• People started using coal to heat up homes and
  buildings etc.
• Industries were using coal to power machines in
  order to process and make goods.
• The increased demand for coal meant miners had to
  dig deeper and travel farther underground to
  reach more coal.

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The four (4) main problems and dangers of mining
coal
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• Problem 1
• How do you get the coal out without
• causing the roof of the mine to collapse?
• Wooden posts were replaced by iron-steel posts.
• Steel is stronger and does not crack or break
  easily.

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• Problem 2
• How do you avoid flooding in the mines?
• Some mine shafts would fill up with water
  quickly.
• The steam pipe- steam engine was used to pump
  water out.

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• Problem 3
• How do you avoid BAD AIR in the mines?
• Miners were at risk from 2 gases
• A) Fire Damp would explore on contact with a
  flame
• Safety lamps replaced candles because they let
  off less heat.
• Ventilation shafts were dug to let fresh air into
  shafts.

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• B) Choke Damp, would suffocate the miners
• Canaries were sent into mines.
• Choke gas was present if canary died.
• Canaries were eventually replaced by exhaust fans
  which sucked the bad air out. of mine shafts

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• Problem 4
• How do you get coal out of mines?
• Coal is heavy to carry along the tunnel and then
  out of it.
• Carts, pulled by pit ponies, were pushed along
  the tunnel on iron rails.

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Impact of the Railways during the Industrial
revolution

• People traveled greater distances for leisure and
  work.
• Speed of the railways became the fastest mode of
  transportation.
• Trains were used to transport food to towns
  across England and America.

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• Coal and iron industries grew as the railways
  needed coal for fuel and iron to make trains and
  tracks.
• Factories were able to transport merchandise to
  the market faster.
• People had permanent jobs working on the railways
  once built.

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• Newspapers could be sent from London all over the
  country the mail was speed up.
• The railways made cheap day trips to seaside
  resorts possible.
• In a nutshell
• The spread of railways created jobs, helped
  spread information faster, and created new towns.

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How the railways created more jobs

• Railways made the cost of moving goods cheaper.
• Goods can be sold for less.
• More people can now afford to buy these goods.
• More goods are sold and so more need to be
  produced.
• The businessmen who make these goods hire more
  people to make them.
• More people with jobs meansmore people can now
  afford to buy these goods.

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How industrialization changed society

• Urbanization
• Many rural people left the countryside and moved
  to the city to find work in the factories (Rural
  exodus)

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Working Class Districts

• These polluted districts were close to the
  factories.
• Districts were poorly planned and built hastily
  (poor quality).
• Houses were small and crammed together.
• They were also badly heated, badly ventilated and
  humid.
• Families lived together because of high rent.
• Epidemics (Cholera) spread quickly.

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Bourgeois Districts

• These districts were far from the factories.
• They were spacious with plenty of green space.
• Houses were large.
• Servants were hired to serve the Bourgeoisie.

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Social classes

• Industrial Bourgeoisie
• Entrepreneurs, factory owners, bankers, merchants
• Petty bourgeoisie
• Lawyers, civil servants, journalists, doctors,
  engineers, skilled workers
• Working class
• Factory workers

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The industrial Bourgeoisie

• They lived comfortably and did not do manual
  work.
• They valued education, hard work and frugality.
• They benefited from the economic growth in the
  19th century.

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Capitalism (Economic system)

• Entrepreneurs did not usually have enough money
  to buy everything they needed to run their
  business.
• As a result, they began to finance their business
  in the following way
• 1. Burrowed money from the bank or asked for
  credit (money was eventually paid back with
  interest).

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The working class

• Work conditions were really tough.
• Performed boring, repetitive tasks for 14 to 16
  hours a day.
• Workers were supervised by tough foremen.
• Owners fired unskilled workers if they were ill,
  got into an accident or were too old.

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• Miserable working conditions
• These conditions had negative consequences on the
  workers Alcoholism, marital violence,
  prostitution, the abandonment of children.
• Life expentency was 30 year or less (due to high
  infant death rate).
• Lots of families depended on charities.

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Trade unions

• Workers in Great Britain began to organize so
  that they could demand for better working
  conditions.
• It involved going on strike and demanding for
• 1. Higher wages
• 2. Reduced working hours
• 3. Right to strike

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Trade Union

• It is an organisation of workers that have banded
  together to achieve common goals such as better
  working conditions. Leaders of the trade union
  bargain with the employer on behalf of union
  members and negotiates labour contracts with
  employers. This may include the negotiation of
  wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules
  governing hiring, firing and promotion of
  workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.
  The agreements negotiated by the union leaders is
  binding on members and the employer.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union

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Strike

• Strike action, also called labour strike, on
  strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage
  caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.
  A strike usually takes place in response to
  employee grievances. Strikes became important
  during the industrial revolution, when mass
  labour became important in factories and mines.
  In most countries, they were quickly made
  illegal, as factory owners had far more political
  power than workers. Most western countries
  partially legalized striking in the late 19th or
  early 20th centuries.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action

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• The government banned strikes because they were
  considered an attack on entrepreneurs to make a
  profit.
• Some protests ended in a bloodbath.

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Labour laws

• The trade unions ended up persuading the British
  government to pass laws that improved the life of
  the working class
• Labour laws passed in Great Britain in the 19th
  century
• SEE page 127