Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Technique and Methods in China

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Ambient Air Quality MonitoringTechnique and
Methods in China

• China National Environmental Monitoring Center
  (CNEMC)
• 2013-10-22
• Beijing, China

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CONTENTS

• Monitoring standards and regulations
• Monitoring network and plans
• Routine monitoring method
• New monitoring method in future

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Ambient air quality standard in China

• GB3095-2012 (issued 2012)

µg/m3(except CO)
Averaging time Primary standard Secondary standard
SO2 Annual Daily 1-hour 20 50 150 60 150 500
NO2 Annual Daily 1-hour 40 80 200 40 80 200
PM10 Annual Daily 40 50 70 150
PM2.5 Annual Daily 15 35 35 75
CO Daily 1-hour 4.0 10.0 4.0 10.0
O3 8-hour 1-hour 100 160 160 200
Others TSP, NOx, Pb, Bap
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1. Standards and regulations

• Ambient Air quality standard
• GB 3095-2012
• Monitoring methods and regulations
• Technical regulation for ambient air quality
  index
• Technical regulation for selection of ambient air
  quality monitoring stations
• Automated methods for ambient air quality
  monitoring
• Manual methods for ambient air quality monitoring

There are more than 40 regulations for ambient
air quality monitoring
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1. Standards and regulations
MEP is now building a complete ambient air
quality monitoring regulation system to improve
the monitoring program
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2. Monitoring network and plans

• National ambient air quality monitoring network

National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network
CNEMC
Green house gases
Urban air quality
Background air quality
Acid rain
Dust and Sandstorm
Regional air quality
31 sites in all
15 sites In all
1436 sites in 338 cities
31 sites present
431 sites in 347 cities
82 sites in 82 cities
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2. Monitoring network and plans

• Locations of urban monitoring sites

There are 1436 urban sites from 338 cities
urban sites
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2. Monitoring network and plans

• An urban air quality monitoring site in Tianjin,
  China

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2. Monitoring network and plans

• An urban site usually represents an area of 25
  km2 , and it was population originated
• Purpose of urban sites
• Judge the attainment of air quality standard
• Report the air quality information timely to
  public
• Assess the effects of air pollutants on human
  health

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2. Monitoring network and plans
668 urban sites from 114 cities has reported air
quality index hourly
AQI categories
Good 0-50 Unhealthy 151-200
Moderate 51-100 Very Unhealthy 201-300
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 101-150 Hazardous 301-500
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2. Monitoring network and plans
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2. Monitoring network and plans

• Locations of regional monitoring sites

There are only 31 regional sites, i.e. one for
each province
65 other regional sites will be built during year
2013 to year 2015
regional sites
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2. Monitoring network and plans

• Regional air quality monitoring site in Sichuan,
  China

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2. Monitoring network and plans

• A regional site usually represents an area of
  20km20km
• Purpose of regional sites
• Monitoring air pollutants at regional level
• Evaluate the effect of regional scale air
  pollution prevention measurements
• Monitoring the transferring of air pollutants
  between cities
• Serve for the regional air quality warning and
  forecasting

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2. Monitoring network and plans

• Locations of background monitoring sites

There are 15 background sites, all located in
national natural reserves
background sites
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2. Monitoring network and plans

• Shen Nong-jia background site in Hubei province,
  China

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2. Monitoring network and plans

• Purpose of background sites
• Monitoring air pollutants at background level
• Evaluate the effect of air pollutants on ecologic
  system
• Used for scientific research and international
  cooperation
• A background site usually represents an area of
  more than 50km50km

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2. Monitoring network and plans

• Monitoring parameters at each site

Parameters /Equipment Urban site Regional site Background site Dust site Acid rain Greenhouse
SO2 ? ? ? - - -
NO/NO2/NOX ? ? ? - - -
PM10 ? ? ? ? - -
PM2.5 ? ? ? ? - -
CO ? ? ? - - -
O3 ? ? ? - - -
TSP ? ? ? ? - -
Pb ? ? ? - - -
VOCs/Bap ? ? ? - - -
Precip./pH/EC,Ions - ? ? - ? -
Lidar ? ? ? ? - -
CO2/CH4/NMTH - ? ? - - ?
? Required
? Required in 2016
? Optional
- Not required
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3. Routine monitoring method

• Manual monitoring methods for criteria pollutants
  take a great part before year 2000
• Automated monitoring methods has gradually been
  widely used after that
• Manual reference methods of PM were used to audit
  and calibrate the automated instrument

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3. Routine monitoring method

• Routine automated monitoring methods

Air pollutants Monitoring method
SO2 Ultraviolet fluorescent method,DOAS
NO-NO2-NOX Chemiluminescence detection method, DOAS
O3 Ultraviolet photometric method ,DOAS
CO Gas filter correlation/Non-dispersive infrared absorption method,
PM10 ß -ray absorption method, TEOM
PM2.5 ß -ray absorption method, TEOM
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3. Routine monitoring method

• Automated Instruments
• Abroad Thermal fisher, Ecotech, API, Daxibi,
  ESA
• Domestic Xianhe, TH, Landun
• The domestic air quality instrument has had a
  great development in recent years.

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3. Routine monitoring method

• An urban monitoring site in Tianjin, China

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3. Routine monitoring method

• An urban monitoring site in Wuhan, China

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4. New monitoring method in future

• Methods
• Multi-axial differential optical absorption
  spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS)
• Lidar
• Applied areas
• Regional transmit flux of air pollutants
• Sand storm monitoring
• Emission sources and industrial areas monitoring

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Remote monitoring technology MAX-DOAS
Multi-axial differential optical absorption
spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS)
MAX-DOAS is a kind of passive spectrum
technology, it received solar spectra from
different elevation angles. The absorption
spectrum could be resolved to obtain the columnar
concentration and profile of air pollutants (such
as SO2 NO2 CO O3)
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Flux research mobile MAX-DOAS
We can research the emission flux of a single
point pollution source or an industrial zone by
using mobile max-doas
IFRS
Imes
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Flux research mobile MAX-DOAS
a. Point source Through monitoring the stack
plume cross section at downwind direction by
using mobile max-doas, meanwhile, observing the
meteorological parameter, we can get the emission
flux. Flux?Fluxi
b. industrial zone Through  calculating the
difference between the influx at upwind and
outflow at downwind, we can evaluate the net flux
of an industrial area Flux?Flux?-Flux?
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Remote monitoring technology Lidar
Lidar is used to monitor particles in vertical
direction, for example in dust and sand storm
monitoring
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Remote monitoring technology Lidar
Non-Spherical
Spherical
The initial emission laser was linear polarized
due to the Crystal nature of laser medium. the
spherical particles do not change the
polarization properties of laster echo while the
non-spherical particles have obvious
depolarization effects. We can distinguish the
spherical particle and non-spherical particle
through the different depolarization ratio.
laser
laser
Laser echo
Laser echo
Depolarization radio P?/ P?
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coefficient of light extinction
water cloud
Ice cloud
Sand storm
Local pollution
Ice cloud
Sand storm
water cloud
Local pollution
depolarization ratio
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Remote monitoring technology
Environmental Monitoring center can monitor the
air pollutants columnar concentration and reseach
the transmission flux among dividual areas.
MAX-DOAS and Lidar were successfully applied to
air quality monitoring and forecast during the
29th the Olympic Games in Beijing ,the 53th
World Expo in Shanghai, and the 16th Asian Games
in Guangzhou.
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