Fighting of WWII

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Chapter 37

• Fighting of WWII

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War Begins in Europe - Review

• War Begins with the signing of the Nazi-Soviet
  Non Aggression Pact (difference between public
  and private terms of the agreement)
• Germany invades Poland September 1939 (France
  and Britain declare war on Germany immediately)

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Hitlers Lightning War

• Hitler introduced the Blitzkrieg or
  Lightning War as his principle strategy
• Took the enemy by surprise using fast moving
  tanks and airplanes followed by infantry
  soldiers

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Stalin Moves the Soviets

• Soviet Union annexed Estonia, Latvia, and
  Lithuania without a fight
• Forced to fight fiercely against Finland in
  brutal 1939-40 winter
• Soviets eventually successful

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Hitler Attacks Western Europe

• April 1940 Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway
  (he wanted coastline areas to launch future
  attacks on Britain)
• May 1940 Hitler attacks Holland, Belgium,
  Luxembourg, and eventually France
• France fell in June 1940
• French Gen. Charles de Gaulle fled to London and
  set up a government-in-exile

Hitler and his generals in Paris after the city
fell to the Nazis June 1940
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Hitler Attacks Britain

• P.M. Winston Churchill declared that England
  would never surrender
• Battle of Britain Aerial Battle between the
  German Luftwaffe the British Royal Air Force
  (RAF)
• Germanys effort began with bombing campaigns
  first airfields factories, then civilian
  sections of cities
• Britain had radar and a code-making machine
  called the Enigma
• The Battle of Britain continued to June 1941
  until Hitler decided to put resources elsewhere

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The Battle of Britain
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The Eastern Front and Mediterranean

• Italy and Germany wanted to access the
  British-controlled Suez Canal (why?)
• Italians first tried Brits pushed them back
• Hitler sent Gen. Erwin Rommel (the Desert Fox)
  with his new tank unit The Afrika Korps

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WWII in the Balkans

• Hitler wanted Balkan nations they would make a
  Soviet Union invasion easier
• Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary joined the Axis
• Germany defeated Yugoslavia and Greece in days

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Hitler invades the Soviet Union

• Operation Barbarossa
• June 22, 1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union
• 5 million-man Red Army not equipped nor prepared
  for Hitlers smaller (3 million), more mobile
  troops (tanks)
• Germans moved 500 miles into Russia the Reds
  simply retreated and burned

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Problems for Germany in the invasion of Russia

• Blitzkrieg effective but fighting soon broke
  down in cities
• Size of Soviet Union (easy to invade but how do
  you hold it?)
• Germans outran their supply lines
• Germans unprepared for winter
• Russians started getting help from U.S. Lend
  Lease Act
• Russia felt united after German betrayal
  The Great Patriotic War

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Battle of Leningrad

• Sept. 1941 Germans surround Leningrad,
  isolating it
• Hitler wanted to starve the people (cut off
  supplies, bombed food warehouses)
• 1 million die but city doesnt surrender

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Attack on Moscow

• Discouraged by Leningrad, Hitler decides to
  attack Moscow Oct. 1941
• Soviet Gen. Georgi Zhukov had fresh troops and an
  early winter
• Germans froze in their summer uniforms Hitler
  gave the order to never surrender
• Stalemate ensued west of Moscow not until 1943
  do the Russians start to push back

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Axis Powers in 1942
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The Pacific Theater
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Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot
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Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941
A date which will live in infamy!
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President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of
War
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Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests
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Axis Powers in 1942
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The Allied War Strategy

• Open up a multi-front war on Hitler
• N. Africa Italy in the South Russia attacks
  from the East U.S. and Britain from the West

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Phase 1 The War in Africa

• Germans under Gen. Erwin Rommel advanced to
  within miles of the Suez Canal (middle eastern
  oil) at the city of El Alamein
• British Gen. Bernard Montgomery attacked and
  pushed Rommel back
• Fresh American troops led by Gen. Dwight
  Eisenhower push Rommel from the west
• Rommels Afrika Korps forced out and retreats in
  May 1943

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The Battle for Sicily
June, 1943
General George S. Patton
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The Italian Campaign Operation Torch
Europes Soft Underbelly

• Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North
  Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943
• George S. Patton leads American troops
• Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over
  275,000 troops.

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Mussolini His Mistress,Claretta Petacci Are
Hung in Milan, 1945
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Operation BarbarossaHitlers Biggest Mistake
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Phase 2 The War in the East

• Germans had attacked Russia, but their
  advancements had stalled at Leningrad and Moscow
  by late 1941
• Hitler ordered attack on Stalingrad in August
  1942
• Began with blistering bombing raids
• Soviet Union had huge numbers of troops but
  many were poorly equipped

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Battle of Stalingrad

• Very Important City for the Germans and Russians
• Near the oil fields of the Caucasus Mts.
• Major industrial city
• Named after Stalin
• Hitler began with constant bombing raids
• Stalin ordered not one step backward
• Germans caught inside city during winter of
  1942-43
• Hitler orders no retreat

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More with Stalingrad

• Germans were caught inside Stalingrad which was
  99 destroyed at this point
• Through winter 42-43, only 90,000 German troops
  are left (of original 300,000) most are
  starving and frost-bit
• Soviets lose over a million men plus hundreds
  of thousands of civilians
• BUT The Soviets are now on the offensive against
  the Germans

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Battle of StalingradWinter of 1942-1943
German Army Russian Army
1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes
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Europe at the time of the D-Day invasion June
6, 1944
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Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day
Operation Overlord
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D-Day (June 6, 1944)
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Normandy Landing (June
6, 1944)
German Prisoners
Higgins Landing Crafts
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July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
Major Claus vonStauffenberg
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July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot
1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm
Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter
Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj
Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8.
Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von
Below10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss11. Otto
Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant12. Gen Walter Scherff
(injured)13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend14. Capt
Heinz Assman (injured)
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US Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River
April 25, 1945
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Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945
Cyanide Pistols
The Führers Bunker
Mr. Mrs. Hitler
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Asia for Asians!
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Allied Counter-OffensiveIsland-Hopping
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Battle of Midway IslandJune 4-6, 1942
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Battle of Midway IslandJune 4-6, 1942
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Japanese Kamikaze PlanesThe Scourge of the
South Pacific
Kamikaze Pilots
Suicide Bombers
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Gen. MacArthur Returns to the Philippines!
1944
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US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,Iwo Jima Feb. 19,
1945

• Iwo Jima and Okinawa
• Final battles for US in the Pacific
• Japanese defend islands to the death

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Yalta February, 1945

• Allied conference to discuss post-war world
• FDR wants quick Soviet entry into Pacific war.
• FDR Churchill concede Stalin needs buffer, FDR
  Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak
  Germany.
• Churchill wants
  strong Germany
  as bufferagainst
  Stalin.
• FDR argues for a United Nations.

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Potsdam ConferenceJuly, 1945

• FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime
  Minister during conference.
• Stalin only original.
• The United States
  has the A-bomb.
• Allies agree Germany
  is to be divided into
  occupation zones
• Poland moved around to suit the Soviets.

P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee
Truman Stalin
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Tinian Island, 1945
Little Boy Fat Man
Enola Gay Crew
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Hiroshima August 6, 1945

• 70,000 killed immediately.
• 48,000 buildings. destroyed.
• 100,000s died of radiation poisoning cancer
  later.

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Nagasaki August 9, 1945

• 40,000 killed immediately.
• 60,000 injured.
• 100,000s died ofradiation poisoning cancer
  later.

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Post-War Misery

• Cities across Europe and Asia were in ruins
  some completely destroyed (Berlin, Dresden,
  Warsaw, London, Leningrad, Stalingrad, Tokyo,
  Hiroshima, Nagasaki)
• WWII was another TOTAL WAR Civilians are seen
  as legitimate targets

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WWII Total War

• Industrialized nature of 20th century wars
• Factories, infrastructure, and people were deemed
  legitimate military targets
• Examples
• Bombing of London and other English cities
• Destruction of Jewish ghettos / Holocaust
• Internment and labor camps (Germany U.S)
• Bombing of Japanese cities

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Dresden, Germany after the firebombing
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Japanese A-Bomb Survivors
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Hiroshima Memorials
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V-J Day (September 2, 1945)
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V-J Day in Times Square, NYC
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Results of World War II
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WW II Casualties Europe
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the
appropriate theater of operations
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WW II Casualties Asia
Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the
appropriate theater of operations
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Post-War Japan

• U.S. undertook complete occupation of Japan
• U.S. then demilitarized Japan took away their
  armed forces
• Executed war leaders
• U.S. then wrote Japans new constitution

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The U.S. the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two
Superpowers of the later 20c
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7 Future American Presidents Served in World War
II
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U.S. involvement The Early Years

• Be able to answer
• Why did the U.S. pass a series of Neutrality Acts
  between 1935 and 1937?
• Why did FDR ultimately let the Allies buy
  materials from the U.S.? Why did he say they
  must pay for the supplies in cash and carry them
  on their own ships?
• What was the Lend Lease Act?
• What was the Atlantic Charter?