The Cold War 1945-1991

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The Cold War1945-1991
Vs.
2
EQ

• How was the role of the US different following
  WWI from its role after WWII?
• How did the US respond to the expansion of
  communism in Europe? Asia?
• How might the world look differently had the US
  not applied the Truman Doctrine? The Marshall
  Plan? Formed NATO? Conducted the Berlin
  Airlift?

3
EQ

• Was the Cold War inevitable?
• How did the Soviet Unions desire for security
  run counter to the desire of the US to promote
  self-determination?
• How did the US respond to the Red Menace at home?
• What is McCarthyism?
• What constitutional values were sacrificed in
  responding to the communist threat?

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World War IIEnds
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U.S. Internationalism
Isolationism
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Troubled Peace 1945 1955

• Internationalism
• World War II ended U.S. isolationism
• internationalism became the new U.S. foreign
  policy
• US will get involved all over the world

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Troubled Peace
1945-1955
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The Cold War Begins

• The Yalta Conference (February 1945)
• F.D. Roosevelt
• Winston Churchill
• Josef Stalin

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Yalta Conference

• Germany to be divided by the Allies (Americans,
  British French)
• Germany to pay USSR for damages
• Soviets promise free elections in Eastern Europe
• Allies dont believe Stalin

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Yalta Conference

• Soviets promised to enter the war against Japan
  within 90 days of the end of the war in Europe
• Mistrust between Allies is already present in
  February 1945
• Two very different world views

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Yalta Conference
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Different GoalsUS USSR

• US wanted to encourage
• Democracy
• Capitalism
• Free trade
• Personal freedom
• A unified Germany

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Different GoalsUS USSR

• USSR wanted to encourage
• International communism
• A divided Germany
• Buffer of east European nations to protect USSR
• Totalitarianism

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Setting The Stage For Trouble

• Potsdam Conference, July 1945
• Harry S. Truman
• Josef Stalin
• Winston Churchill

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Setting The Stage For Trouble

• Stalin went back on pledges at Yalta to hold free
  elections
• Potsdam Ultimatum issued
• Japan either surrenders or is hit with the atomic
  bomb

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Setting The Stage For Trouble

• USSR assures US it will enter war against Japan
  in early August
• Truman finds out the atomic bomb works decides
  to use it against Japan
• Decided to use bomb to scare Soviets?
• Atomic diplomacy?

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Atomic Diplomacy

• Bully the Soviets with the bomb
• Dont threaten the USSR but show them what they
  potentially face
• Let the world know who is boss

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United Nations1945
Eleanor Roosevelt
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The United Nations

• Formed April 1945
• An organization of nations designed to prevent
  aggression
• Had 50 original members including the US USSR
• Made up of General Assembly Security Council

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The United Nations

• Security Council has 11 total members and 5
  permanent members
• 5 permanent members are the US, USSR,
  Britain,France China
• Real power of the UN is in the Security Council

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The United Nations

• Security Council members can veto any resolution
  they want
• 1 veto kills a resolution
• Nothing gets done without the Security Council

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Expansion Containment
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Expansion and Containment

• Soviet Bloc
• 1946- Soviet Union turns Eastern European nations
  into a bloc of Soviet satellites
• communist dictatorships established in each
  country
• creates the atmosphere for the Cold War

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Iron Curtain Speech

• Given by Winston Churchill at Westminster
  College, March 1946
• http//www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html
• From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
  Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
  the continent

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Iron Curtain Speech
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Winston Churchill
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Iron Curtain Speech

• Stalin had said after Potsdam that the US USSR
  could not live in peace war was inevitable
• Churchills speech drove the former allies
  further apart
• Tension increasing constantly

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CONTAINMENT
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Containment

• policy to prevent the spread of communism during
  the Cold War
• Keep the Soviets/communists right where they were
  as of 1946
• Expansion of communists to be met with resistance
  each time (Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan etc.)

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US Prepares for the Future

• After the war, US needed to rebuild Europe
• Why?

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US Prepares for the Future

• Europeans need food, medicine fuel
  (humanitarian concerns)
• US needs trading partners
• US needs allies against the Soviets
• If Europeans do not get help, they will turn to
  the Soviets

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US Prepares for the Future

• Truman Doctrine (March 1947)
• Britain could no longer support nationalists in
  Greece
• Greek communists would win if nationalists were
  not supported
• President Truman asked Congress to aid the Greeks

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US Prepares for the Future

• President Truman asked Congress for 400 million
  in aid for Greece and Turkey to resist communists
• 4.198 Billion in 2012)
• Aid must go to Greece and Turkey or the Turks
  will turn to the USSR

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US Prepares for the Future

• The Marshall Plan (July 1947)
• Secretary of State George Marshall proposed plan
  to aid European nations in need
• Aid to any nations in Europe who asked for it
• Had to tell US how money was spent

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US Prepares for the Future

• While Plan was debated in Congress, communists
  seized power in Czechoslovakia
• Plan immediately passed
• Congress authorized 12.5 Billion in aid
• 131Billion in 2012
• Even Yugoslavia received aid

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Tension Increases

• As a result of the Truman Doctrine and the
  Marshall Plan, the Soviets looked weak
• Soviets responded with blockade of Berlin
  beginning in June 1948
• Wanted to cut Berlin off from the West to test
  the West

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Tension Increases

• In June 1948 Britain, France US had allowed the
  creation of West Germany
• Soviets were furious
• Soviets wanted Germany weak and divided
• Still smarting from Marshall Plan

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Tension Increases

• Soviet response was to block the roads to Berlin
  off from the West
• Soviets wanted to bully the US Britain into
  giving up the idea of a unified Germany
• Berliners lacked food, fuel medicine
• US Britain responded with the Berlin Airlift

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Berlin Airlift

• June 1948 - May 1949
• US G.B. flew over the Soviet blockade of Berlin
  and dropped much-needed supplies to Berlin
• Dared the Soviets to shoot
• Showed the world about strength

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Berlin Airlift

• The Soviets were forced to back down were
  humiliated. Again.
• They were made to look weak in the eyes of the
  world. Again.
• The West looked stronger than ever

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NATO1949
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Collective Security

• In response to the tension created by the Berlin
  crisis, the US, Canada 10 western European
  nations formed NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• A collective security organization

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Collective Security

• NATO
• Formed 1949
• Designed to deter Soviet aggression through the
  use of military force
• An attack on one considered an attack on all

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Collective Security

• Soviets responded to West Germany being included
  in NATO in 1955 with Warsaw Pact
• Made up of the Soviet Union eastern European
  nations
• Yugoslavia was only nation not in the Warsaw Pact

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Warsaw Pact
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Containment in Asia
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Containment in Asia

• U.S. and China
• between 1945 to 1949 the U.S. gives 2 billion to
  help the Chinese Nationalists defeat the
  Communists
• 1949 - Communists come to power
• US lost China

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1949
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The Cold War China

• Once Mao the communists had won, the Soviets
  offered their support
• The Soviets wanted to lead the international
  communist movement
• In 1950, the Peoples Republic of China the
  USSR signed a friendship agreement

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China Policy
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China policy

• Taiwan
• 1949- Chinese Communists come to power
• Nationalists escape to island of Taiwan
• U.S. recognizes Taiwan as legitimate government
  of all of China
• US promises to protect Taiwan against PRC

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The Korean War
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The Cold War Turns Hot

• Japan had annexed Korea in 1910 held it until
  1945
• Because of Potsdam, Soviets entered the war in
  August 1945
• USSR had attacked Japan from the north
• Soviets occupied N. Korea until 1949

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The Cold War Turns Hot

• The US had occupied S. Korea influenced the
  government there
• Korea was effectively split between the two
  superpowers
• In January 1950, the US made it clear that the
  Korean peninsula would be outside the range of
  its protection

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The Cold War Turns Hot

• The USSR encouraged the N. Koreans to attack the
  south
• 25 June 1950 N. Korea attacked south across the
  38th Parallel
• N. Korean attack tested US policy of containment

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The Cold War Turns Hot

• S. Korea asked the UN for help
• Security Council voted to help
• Soviets did not vote b/c they wanted to test the
  Security Council
• Multi-national force sent to Korea in August 1950
• US forces took heavy losses at first

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The Cold War Turns Hot

• UN forces pushed to Pusan Perimeter in SE Korea
• September 1950 daring landing made at Inchon
  behind enemy lines
• Communists driven back
• UN/US forces on Chinese border by October 1950

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The Cold War Turns Hot

• General MacArthur made threats about bombing
  China
• China invaded Korea in October 1950
• Chinese forces drove UN/US forces back across the
  38th parallel
• War stalemates for next 2 years
• War ends in June 1953

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The Cold War Turns Hot

• A state of war still technically exists between N
  S Korea
• Border is still the 38th parallel
• North Korea is still a communist nation

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Cold War at Home
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Cold War at Home

• Loyalty Review Board
• investigates government workers suspected of
  being communists
• required government workers to sign loyalty oaths
• House Un-American Activities Committee HUAC
• authorized to investigate communist activities in
  government
• cast doubt on innocence of accused who took the
  the 5th the right against self-incrimination

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Loyalty Oaths
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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
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HUAC Leaders
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Rosenberg Case
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The Rosenberg Case

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg passed Atomic Bomb
  secrets to the Soviets
• both convicted and executed for treason
• increased U.S. fear of communism

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Rosenbergs
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Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer

• Scientist who led the Manhattan Project Atomic
  Bomb
• Oppenheimer later opposed building of the
  Hydrogen Bomb
• therefore labeled as disloyal by the government

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J. Robert Oppenheimer
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McCarthyism
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Sen. Joseph McCarthy

• Recklessly accused thousands of people of being
  communists
• supplied no evidence
•  McCarthyism
• the act of accusing a person of serious crimes
  while producing no evidence
• the main objective to damage a persons
  reputation and cast doubt on their innocence

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Senator Joseph McCarthy
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Containment Consensus
1945-1960
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Containment and Consensus 1945-1960

• John Foster Dulles
• Secretary of State under President Eisenhower who
  favored a strong and aggressive policy against
  communism
• more bang for the buck
• Reduction of conventional forces in favor of
  increase in nuclear forces

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John Foster Dulles
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Containment and Consensus 1945-1960

• Both sides adopted a policy of brinksmanship
• is the policy of going right up to the edge or
  brink of the cliff without going over
• Whats the danger of this policy?
• MAD
• Mutually Assured Destruction

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Containment Consensus

• Both sides need to develop space programs
• The same technology used to put a man on the moon
  is used to put a missile on the target
• USSR won the space race when they launched
  Sputnik in 1957

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Containment and Consensus 1945-1960

• The Domino Theory
• The belief that nations are like dominoes
• If one nation or domino falls, the next, the
  next so on.
• US will HAVE to fight in Korea Vietnam get
  involved in Afghanistan, Cuba, Nicaragua etc.

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SEATO
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Containment and Consensus 1945-1960

• SEATO
• Southeast Asian Treaty Organization
• established to contain communism in Asia
• Asian version of NATO
•  

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U-2 Incident
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Containment Consensus

• U-2 Incident 1960
• Soviets shoot down American U-2 spy plane
• pilot captured alive
• U-2 Incident increased distrust between Soviets
  and America intensified Cold War

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Francis Gary Powers
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Middle East Problems
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Middle East Problems

• Eisenhower Doctrine 1957
• U.S. offers military and financial aid to any
  Middle East country threatened by communism
• Similar to Truman Doctrine but focused on Middle
  East only
• Middle East oil important to the world economy

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President Eisenhower
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The Space Race
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The Space Race

• Sputnik 1957
• Russians successfully launch first satellite to
  orbit the Earth
• US loses space race
• Why Johnny Cant Read
• increased U.S. fear of communism

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Sputnik
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Soviet Threat Continues
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Soviet Threat Continues

• Polish and Hungarian Uprisings 1956
• both countries revolt against Soviet domination
•  Nikita Khrushchev the new Soviet leader
• Gave speech to Politburo declaring Stalin had
  committed great crimes against the Soviet people
• Offered new program of de-Stalinization
• People in East Europe thought Soviets were
  getting soft
• used tanks to end the revolts

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Polish HungarianUprisings
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Nikita Khrushchev
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Hungarian Uprising