THE COLD WAR

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THE COLD WAR
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THE COLD WAR

• What was it why did it happen?
• Part I

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What was the COLD WAR?

• Who was it between?
• The US (and their allies) vs. USSR (and their
  allies)
• What were they doing?
• State of conflict, tension and competition
• When did this occur?
• 1940s-early 1990s
• Why were they fighting?
• Each country wanted to spread and promote its
  goals and influence around the world

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What was the COLD WAR?

• How did they fight a cold war?
• Military coalitions
• Espionage
• Weapons development
• Technological development
• Space Race
• Also included proxy wars
• Nuclear arms race
• And of course.PROPAGANDA

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Cold War Propaganda Pop Culture
Nikolai Volkoff
Hulk Hogan
1980 US Hockey
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Cold War Propaganda Movies
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An Iron Curtain

• Winston Churchills Iron Curtain speech marks
  the start of the Cold War
• Speech given in Missouri
• Symbolized the ideological boundary separating
  Europe post WWII
• Expressed the vast philosophical ideologies

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Soviet Expansion

• Stalin expresses desire to create buffer zone
  of friendly nations
• Satellite nations
• Actually under the control of the Soviet Union

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How did the U.S. view Stalin and his Communist
regime?
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The Soviet Union point-of-view

• All communist parties must take the lead in
  resisting the plans of American imperialist
  expansion and aggression in all spheresits basic
  aim is the establishment of the world domination
  of American imperialism and the smashing of our
  freedom (1947).

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The Cold War The 1940s

• The Early Stages
• Part II

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Important Events of 1946

• Greece
• Civil war
• Communists attempting to overthrow the govt
• Turkey
• Soviet Union makes territorial demands
• Canada
• Soviet spy ring is exposed

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Early US Response

• Containment (1946)
• Established by George Kennan
• Goal was to restrict Soviet expansion

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Early US Cold War Policies

• Marshall Plan (1947)
• European Recovery Program
• 17 Billion in aid
• Aid is offered to USSR (refused)
• No aid is given to communist governments of
  Eastern Europe

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How do the Russians interpret the Marshall
Plan?
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Soviet Response to the Marshall Plan

• They believed the U.S. was trying to bribe
  European countries to accept capitalism and
  democracy

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The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe

• Soviet Union troops crush uprisings in
• Hungary (1956)
• Poland (1956)

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NATO Warsaw
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What is NATO?

• Official Name
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Purpose
• Military Alliance
• Attack on one of them is an attack on all
• Membership
• Formed in 1949
• US, France, United Kingdom, Canada, West Germany,
  and others

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What is the Warsaw Pact?

• Official Name
• The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual
  Assistance
• Also known as the Warsaw Treaty Organization
• Purpose
• Military alliance
• The Soviet Unions response to NATO
• Membership
• Established in 1955
• Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Hungary, East
  Germany, Bulgaria, Albania, and the Czechoslovak
  Republic

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Crisis in Germany
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Crisis in Berlin

• USSR opposes Allied plan to create West German
  govt.
• (6/1948) USSR blocks traffic to and from W.
  Berlin
• Berlin Airlift Allies drop 2 tons of food over
  10 month period
• 1949 German division West Germany and East
  Germany (USSR)
• 1955 West Germany granted full independence

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The Iron Curtain
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient
capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.
-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
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The Berlin Wall

• Built 1961 stood until 1989
• Built to surround the Western half of the capital
  city of Berlin
• Barred travel for all East Germans to the West
• Could only travel to West with govt pass
• Most were denied
• Initially a wire fence, concrete wall starting
  1965
• 5,000 people successfully defected, 100 200
  deaths trying to escape

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THE BERLIN WALL
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Communism in China

• Mao Zedong led communists
• US attempted to aid the Chinese who fought
  Communism
• 1949 The Peoples Republic of China
• Communist government

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The Cold War The 1950s

• The Arms Space Race
• Part IV

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The Bomb

• The Nuclear Arms Race Begins
• USSR test atomic bomb in August 1949
• US govt educates public on how to respond to a
  nuclear attack
• Duck and Cover and fall-out shelters
• US tests Hydrogen bomb in 1952
• USSR tests their own H-Bomb in 1953

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Duck and Cover and Fall-out Shelters
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Eisenhower and a New Philosophy

• President Eisenhower
• Vowed to liberate all countries that fell to
  USSR control since 1954
• CIA used to gather strategic info and pursue Cold
  War goals
• Brinkmanship
• The ability to get to the verge brink w/o
  getting into war is a necessary art

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The CIA The Cold War

• CIA used military power and influence to install
  pro-US governments
• The Shah in Iran in 1951
• Guatemala in 1954
• US U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia in 1960
• Pilot Gary Powers served almost 2 yrs and was
  exchanged for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel

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Nikita Khrushchev 1953 - 1964
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The Space Race

• Nikita Khrushchev new USSR leader
• Beginning of the Space Race
• Sputnik 1957
• First satellite in space
• Sputnik II 1957
• Dog on board
• US responds
• Explorer I (1958)
• Man on the Moon (1969)

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The Cold War Turns HOT!
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War in Korea (1950-1953)

• Japanese control Korea 1910-1945
• Post WWII
• Soviet controlled North (Kim Il Sung)
• Allied controlled South (Syngman Rhee)
• Divided at the 38th Parallel _at_ Potsdam Conference
• 6/25/1950 North invades the South
• Truman and the UN pledge support to South Korea

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Fighting in Korea

• General MacArthur led US forces in Korea
• U.S. 350,000
• Total Forces
• 800,000
• North Koreans forces
• Aid from USSR
• Aid from China
• Enters the war in November

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Fighting in Korea

• Fighting turns to stalemate
• Near the 38th parallel
• Peace talks began in 1951
• Agreement finally on 6/27/1953
• Results of the war
• 54,000 US deaths
• Stalemate little land was won/lost on both
  sides
• North and South Korea remained divided

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The Cold War in the 1960s

• Crisis and More War
• Part V

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The Cold War under President Kennedy

• Continued a nuclear arms buildup
• Increased US participation in Vietnam
• Created aid programs for developing countries

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The Cuban Missile Crisis

• Soviet Missiles could not reach US from Soviet
  Union
• Began constructing missile launching pads in Cuba
• US could hit USSR via missile bases in Turkey

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Results of the Soviet bases gave USSR range to
attack the US
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The Cuban Missile Crisis

• United States U-2 spy plane captures the building
  of the pads on 10/14/1962,
• JFK institutes a blockade of Cuba on 10/22
• Soviet Union sent ships to deliver more materials
  to Cuba
• Two days of tension as nuclear war looms

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The Cuban Missile Crisis

• Soviet ships turn away before reaching the
  blockade on 10/24
• US removed missiles from Turkey
• USSR removed missiles from Cuba

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The Soviet Union

• Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops invade
  Czechoslovakia (1968)
• Crush a liberalization movement
• The "Brezhnev Doctrine
• Established by Leonid Brezhnev
• Head of the Politburo 1964-1982
• USSR can intervene in other communist states if
  communism is threatened in any way

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The Vietnam War (1959-1975)

• Why does the US get involved?
• The Domino Theory
• If North took South it would trigger the further
  spread of communism

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The Vietnam War

• Sides of the war
• North Vietnam
• Communist leader Ho Chi Minh
• Aid from USSR
• Also had allies in the South
• Known as the Vietcong
• South Vietnam
• Dictator Ngo Dinh Diem
• Aid from the US

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Vietnam War Information

• Important Events
• First Major Battle
• Battle of the Ia Drang Valley (1965)
• US troops got hammered We Were Soldiers
• Tet Offensive of 1968
• North guerillas launch massive surprise attack
• Turning point of the war
• Anti-war sentiment in US increased
• Bloodiest year of the war (15,000 American troops
  died)

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Vietnam War Information

• Vietnamization Policy in 1968
• Gradually pulled troops from the war
• President Nixon arranged a cease fire
• Paris Peace Accords (1973)
• Two years later the North captured the South

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Vietnam War Results

• For Vietnam
• Unified country
• 2 million killed
• 3 million wounded
• For the United States
• 57,685 killed
• 153,303 wounded
• 587 POW were released from POW camps
• 2,000 personnel are still unaccounted for

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The Cold War in the 1970s

• Revolution and War
• Part VI

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War in Afghanistan 1979-1988

• USSR invades Afghanistan
• To install a pro-Soviet leader
• Would become the USSRs Vietnam led the
  downfall of the USSR
• Unpopular war, drains military resources, very
  expensive

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War in Afghanistan 1979-1988

• Results of the war
• Over 14,000 Soviet troops dead
• Afghan losses are well over 100,000
• Afghan civil war continued
• Until Taliban took control in 1996
• Increased tension with the US

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Anti-US Sentiment Grows

• Revolution in Iran
• Islamic Revolution of 1979
• Ousted pro-US regime (monarchy)
• Replaced with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah
  Ruhollah Khomeini
• Revolution in Nicaragua (1979)
• Ousted pro-US regime (dictatorship)
• Replaced by the Frente Sandinista de Liberación
  (FSLN)

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The Cold War of the 1980s

• US view of the USSR
• USSR the Evil Empire
• Strong anti-communist feelings
• Increased military spending
• The Invasion of Grenada (1983)
• 7,000 troops b/c of Cuban military buildup on the
  island
• 800 US medical students on the island

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The Cold War of the 1980s

• Fall of the Soviet Union
• Part VII

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Cold War of the 1980s

• US begins the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
• Space based missile defense system- Star Wars
• USSR shoots down Korean commercial jet (1983)
• Killed some Americans
• US places missiles in Great Britain Germany
• USSR boycotts 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles

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Cold War Tensions Ease

• USSR Economy of the 1980s
• Saw a rapid decline since the 1970s
• The New Soviet General Secretary
• Mikhail Gorbachev (1985)
• His new political ideas
• Glasnost
• Openness and freedom for Soviet people
• Perestroika
• Restructure the economic system

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The INF Treaty (1988)

• Intermediate Range Nuclear forces Treaty
• Reagan Gorbachev both signed
• Eliminated intermediate range nuclear and cruise
  missiles
• Over 2,500 weapons were destroyed by 6/1/1991
• Both nations were allowed to inspect each other's
  military installations

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The End of the Cold War

• USSR announces a nonintervention policy
• July 1988
• No longer able to bear costs of other communist
  nations
• East Germany opens the Berlin Wall on 11/9/1989
• Free election united Germany in 1990

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End of The Wall
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The End of the Cold War

• 6/1/1991 Warsaw Pact Nations disband their
  alliance
• Gorbachev resigns on 12/25/1991
• Boris Yeltsin elected Russian President
• The USSR ceases to exist

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THE END