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EUROPE WHAT UNITES US?

• The Celts
• The Greeks
• The Romans
• Christianity
• Charlemagne
• Napoleon

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The Celts 500 BC to 43 AD
A Celtish Chieftain
Who were The Celts?
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The Celts 500 BC to 43 AD
Modern Celts, reliving the past
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The Celts 500 BC to 43 AD
Celtish History and Influence

• in 500 BC, Celts were dominant European power
• they had expanded from southern Germany
• not a nation, more a conferation of tribes with
  shared culture
• influence stretched from Spain to Britain,
  Germany and Northern Italy and as far as
  Anatolia
• they were tribal farmers gathered around their
  Chiefs strongholds
• they were bound together by the Druids learned
  priests, lawmakers, bards sages
• Celts also had artists, musicians metalworkers
• they traded with Rome, Greece other countries,
  but were not much influenced by them
• conquered by Romans, then Anglo-Saxons, they left
  lasting culture

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The Celts 400 to 800 BC
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The Celts 500 BC to 43 AD

• each Celt was a freeman with individual rights
• Druidic justice was famous and tribal bonds
  strong
• chiefs were elected by tribespeople, and
  high-kings by the Chiefs
• both could be deposed if not doing well
• they were fierce warriors and used iron for
  weapons and tools
• in 390 BC they sacked Rome in 280 BC they
  raided Greece Anatolia
• they also fought amongst themselves the Romans
  exploited this when invading Gaul (France)
  Britain
• the British leader (Caractarus) was betrayed by
  other Celts
• disunited, the Celts lost their independence in
  43 to 80 AD
• they later accepted Roman rule and fought for
  them against Germanic barbarians

(The Celts their languages - the Breton
Language)
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The Celts Today

• Celtic culture is well documented and preserved
• millions of people on different continents
  identify with the culture
• something of a Celtic Renaissance is taking place

What is a "Celt"? Someone who

• claims Celtic ancestry
• identifies with Celtic culture
• wishes to think of themselves as being Celtic,
  or even as a Celt

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The Celts Today - Where are they?
Ireland

• Irish Gaelic, a Celtic language, is one of the
  official languages of Ireland
• Gaelic is taught in schools
• there are "Gaeltacht" areas, as in parts of Co.
  Donegal, where the use of Gaelic by native
  speakers is officially encouraged by the
  government
• according to the World Book Encyclopedia, one in
  five people in Ireland can speak Gaelic (about
  700,000 people), and one in 20 speak Gaelic every
  day (about 100,000 people)
• the World Almanac says that the majority ethnic
  group of Ireland is "Celtic," and that there is
  an English minority
• economic regeneration has helped the renaissance
  of the culture
• Ireland is claimed by some to be the world's only
  Celtic nation state

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The Celts Today - Where are they?
The USA

• millions of Americans claim Irish descent
• Irish immigrants have always valued their Gaelic
  roots
• presidents often travel to Ireland to trace their
  roots, e.g. Kennedy
• St. Patrick's Day has become a general
  celebration
• Irish pubs are very fashionable
• there is even a professional basketball team
  named after the Celts
• till recently (9/11), many Irish Americans
  supported the IRA

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The Celts Today - Where are they?
Wales

• great resurgence of Welsh nationalism in recent
  years
• revived interest in Welsh language taught in
  schools popular television station broadcasts
  all its programs in Celtic Welsh Welsh cartoon
  series and animated programs for children

• Welsh flag shown prominently on many occasions
• government obliged to use bilingual road signs
• some towns renamed with old Celtish version
  Dyfed, Clwyd, Gynedd, and Powys
• cultural festivals such as the annual
  Eistedfod extremely popular

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The Celts Today - Where are they?
Scotland

• over 80,000 people still speak Scottish Gaelic,
  mostly in highlands and islands
• other Celtic elements include references to the
  clans, bagpipe music, interest in tartan plaids
  and kilts, Scottish field games, and Scottish
  step-dancing
• strong nationalist element in Scotland 1999,
  creation of Scottish Parliament

Brittany

• pan-Celtic festival held annually in Lorient
• several times a year there are celebrations
  called Pardons which preserve Celtic Breton
  culture
• many links between Brittany Ireland
• many Irish pubs with regular live Celtic music

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A United Europe? A Common Heritage?
The Legacy of Antiquity
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Classical Greece 600 to 337 BC
LINK 2
LINK

• independent city-states (polis) grew up
• surrounding mountains provided protection
• they built encircling walls and a fort
  (acropolis) was built on a high place inside
• Athens Sparta were the two most important of
  many
• each had own customs, laws forms of government
• they tended to expand towards Black Sea Africa
• they were very competitive with each other
• they fought hard for freedom, especially against
  the Persians
• they were traders, sailors adventurers
• also philosophers influenced many faraway
  cultures
• built philosophies based on observation, reason
  discussion

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Classical Greece 600 to 337 BC
(the importance of the Battle of Marathon)
A biography ofAlexander the Great

• they triumphed at Battles of Marathon Salamis
  around 480BC
• from 431 they spent over 25 years fighting each
  other in the Peloponnesian War
• Sparta feared the growth of Athenian power, so
  the city-states never became a united country
• city-states united to fight off the Persians
• disunity resulted in invasion by Philip II of
  Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great They
  gave us language, architecture, philosophy and
  democracy ..

More photos of Ancient Greece
The Elgin Marbles
The Parthenon one / two / three
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• sons of freemen went to school
• girls were taught weaving household skills by
  mothers
• at 6 or 7, boys learned reading, writing, music,
  dancing athletics
• they wrote on wax tablets, using a stick called
  a stylus

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• a new Greek colony is established
• Inside the city wall will be a marketplace,
  temples, law courts, houses, workshops and
  council chambers

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A United Europe? A Common Heritage?
Rome - Republic Empire
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LINK
The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
BBC
LINK
LINK

• legend has it that Rome was founded by local
  tribespeople who camped on Rome's 7 hills
• the people were Sabines and Latins Romulus was
  their first King
• they were influenced by their neighbours the
  Etruscans and traders from Greece Carthage
• the Etruscans, from Etruria, lived in city-states
  emerging around 800 BC
• they were farmers, metalworkers, seafarers
  traders, and liked music, games gambling
• they were greatly influenced by the Greeks and
  worshipped Greek Gods

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The Founding of Rome - 753 to 509 BC
LINK

• early Rome was ruled by Kings, who formed armies
  to defend Rome
• the kings had disputes with the patricians, the
  leading families
• the patricians were more representative of a
  changing, more urbanised Rome
• they eventually overthrew the monarchy in 509
  BC, leading to the Republic
• this was the first republic in the world

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The Roman Republic 509 to 27 BC
LINK

• Rome was run in the 5th century BC by
  patricians (lords, the ruling class)
• there was a struggle between Patricians and
  Plebians (ordinary people)
• this led to the writing of a legal code and the
  Roman Republic
• Rome embarked on wars that led to control of all
  the Italian peninsular
• Rome clashed with Carthage over trade in the
  Mediterranean, leading to Punic Wars lasting 60
  years
• Rome established new cities, organisation and
  prosperity, giving conquered peoples Roman
  citizenship if they cooperated
• by 44 BC they ruled France, Spain, Europe south
  of the Danube, Anatolia Northern Africa

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The Roman Empire built on military power
the sad story of Hannibal Carthage
one
two
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(No Transcript)
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The Roman Empire 27 BC to 475 AD
LINK
Pompeii

• in 100 BC, friction arose between patricians and
  plebians again
• power struggles between generals led to civil war
• in 44 BC, Julius Caesar became Emperor for Life,
  but alarmed Republicans assassinated him, and
  the Republic collapsed
• Romans chose dictatorship to chaos, and Octavian
  gradually took control
• under him, trade extended as far as East Africa,
  India China
• the Empire expanded and built roads, towns and
  cities
• Emperors relied more on the army than on the
  people
• most Emperors chose their successors some were
  deposed by soldiers
• from 100 AD, Rome was ruled by strong Emperors
  Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Marcus Aurelius
• by 117 AD, the Empire had grown too large
  soldiers could no longer be paid with booty,
  slaves and land taken from those conquered
• the last conquests were in Britain, Syria,
  Palestine Egypt most conquered people adapted
  to Roman life

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The Romans great builders of antiquity
The Romans were master bridge- builders, not only
for transport of people and goods, but also for
water. They built magnificent aquaducts all
over theirEmpire, and some arestill in use
today.
Hadrian's Wall between Scotland England
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The Romansgreat builders of antiquityfamous
monuments

• fast communications, meaning good roads, were
  one of the Romans greatest assets in the
  conquest and control of their Empire
• most of their roads were straight many of the
  routes they followed can still be seen to this
  day

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The Roman Empire, 2nd century AD
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The Roman Empire built on military power
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The Roman Empire built on military power
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The Roman Empire built on military power
The Battle of Alesia - 52 BC
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Roman Empire at its height under Trajan, 337
ad
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin

• Latin brought to Italy about 1000 BC by
  Indo-European immigrants from Northern Europe.
  As people in Latium developed into organized
  community, city of Rome in, according to legend,
  753 BC
• Latin quickly spread over much of Italy, in
  direct correlation to Roman conquests
• with foundation of Roman Empire, large portion of
  western world came to speak various forms of
  Latin or combine it with own tongues
• "classical" Latin developed in city of Rome and
  environs a spoken vernacular form of Latin was
  carried by Roman army to all Roman provinces
• Latin thus superceded pre-Roman dialects of
  Italy, Gaul and Spain
• some expressions of the original languages
  remained and, once mixed with the spoken Latin,
  gave birth to new languages known as the Romance
  languages
• only the deeply rooted Greek language resisted
  Latin domination and continued to be spoken in
  its original form

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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin

• Latin also survived fall of Roman Empire as
  centuries passed it continued to be an
  international language of educated and social
  elite, accompanying the modified tongues of the
  common people
• Latin often an international Lingua Franca
  between different peoples use among educated
  people survived for centuries
• the sole language of the Catholic Church was
  Latin
• all scholarly, historical, or scientific work was
  written in it up to end of Renaissance
• when Middle Ages ended, the west experienced a
  cultural Renaissance interest in Antiquity
  classical Latin as a means of artistic and
  literary expression grew
• during and after this period of rebirth, forms of
  Latin even transplanted to the Western
  Hemisphere today, the people of Mexico, Central
  America, and South America are called Latins or
  latinos

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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Importance of Latin

• Latin is the bedrock of Western European
  languages
• the Romance languages of Spain, France, Italy,
  Portugal, and Romania developed from a hybrid
  version of spoken Latin and native tongues
• each also influenced in turn by other tongues,
  such as Slavic, Norse and many Germanic dialects
• of these modern languages, Romanian, not Italian,
  remains the closest living language to the
  original
• without Latin, very few of today's European
  languages would be possible or recognizable in
  their current forms

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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language
amo I love amas you love amat he/she
loves amamus we love amatis you love amant they
love
insula nominative (subject) insula you
love insulam accusative (object) insulae genitive
insulae dative insula ablative
AMARE to love
INSULA an island

• an amateur photographer
• ( lover of photography)
• an amorous look
• Im not enamoured of

• an example of insular thought
• I live on a peninsular. (pen almost)
• The machine is poorly insulated.

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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
The Latin Language noun inflections
insula nominative (subject) Insula bella
est. insula you love O insula, te
amo insulam accusative (object) Insulam
amo insulae genitive Insulae dicit. insulae dati
ve Historiam insulae amo insula ablative Puer
insulae est.
INSULA an island
. . .
Some latin phrases
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman monuments can be found in most parts of
Western Europe. They are very familiar to all
Europeans, and a permanent reminder of the Roman
Legacy
Roman Architecture
The Colosseum, Rome
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
The Colosseum, Rome
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Roman Architecture
Roman baths at Bath, England
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain
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The Cultural Linguistic Legacy of Rome
Le Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France
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A Christian Europe?
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Christianity

• Christianity fundamental to the history of Europe
• around time JC was born, many different sects in
  Roman Empire
• by 400 AD, Christianity dominant
• Jews had long believed a Saviour would be born to
  lead them
• Jesus in Nazareth under Roman rule
• little known of early life, but in 27 AD he began
  preaching
• told many parables and performed miracles of
  healing
• the Jewish authorities accused him of blasphemy
• the Romans under Pontius Pilate tried and
  crucified him
• believed to have come to life again after three
  days (Resurrection)

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Jesus Christ - Preacher
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"The Last Supper" - by Leonardo da Vinci
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The Crucifixion of Jesus Christ by the Romans
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• Christians were persecuted for their faith
• many died cruelly in the Romans' amphitheatres
• the Emperor Constantine recognized Christianity
  in 313 AD
• said to have adopted the Christian symbol by
  painting it on his soldiers' shields before a
  successful battle
• thanks to him, Christianity became deeply rooted
  by the 5th century

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The Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne 814
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Napoléon Bonaparte
David, Jacques-Louis 1748-1825
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Napoléon's Empire 1812
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Napoléon Bonaparte

• born in Corsica joined French army general by
  age 26 captured North Italy 1797
• invaded Egypt, but Nelson destroyed fleet ain
  1798
• 1799 returned France seized control,
  appointing three Consuls to run France
• 1804 crowned himself Emperor
• many reforms europe-wide laws, better
  educational system, reorganized government,
  created national bank
• believed in Meritocracy founded "Légion
  d'Honneur"
• had vast conscript army - up to 750,000 men
• lost Battle of Trafalgar against Nelson in 1805
• invaded Spain 1808 expelled by Duke of
  Wellington of Britain 12 1812
• brilliant general, but disaster in Russia in
  1812 only 10,000 men survived out of 500,000
• defeated at Leipzig by Allies led by Prussians
  under von Blücher
• France invaded 1814, Napoléon went into exile
• escaped, landed in France for the the "100 days"
• defeated at Waterloo by Wellington
• exiled to Saint Helena, died in 1821

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Napoléon Bonaparte - his legacy

• Code Napoléon was the French civil code,
  established March 21, 1804
• based on Roman law - the first legal code to be
  established in a country with a civil legal
  system
• followed Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis in
  dividing civil law into
• - personal status
• - property
• - acquisition of property
• other countries soon copied idea, and developed
  their own codes, of which Swiss,
• German and Austrian codes were most influential
• civil law systems of the countries of modern
  Europe, with the exception of the United
  Kingdom, Ireland, Russia, and the Scandinavian
  countries have, to different degrees, been
  influenced by the Napoleonic Code - Code has thus
  been the most permanent legacy of Napoleon
• intention behind Napoleonic Code was to reform
  the French legal system in accordance with the
  principles of the French Revolution before the
  Code, France did not have a single set of laws -
  The vestiges of feudalism were abolished, and the
  many different legal systems used in different
  parts of France were replaced by a single legal
  code
• Code dealt only with civil law issues other
  codes were also published dealing with criminal
  law and commercial law

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The Arc de Triomphe, Paris
Info
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Napoléon Bonaparte - his legacy

• dragged much of Europe into modern world
• His reforms marked definitive end of feudal era
• created concept of professional army
• plunged Europe into war for 15 years
• gave France an authentic and enduring hero

AND???
1. Anguilla2. Antigua and Barbuda3. Australia4. Bahamas5. Bangladesh6. Barbados7. Bermuda8. Bhutan9. Botswana10. Brunei 1. Afghanistan2. Albania3. Algeria4. American Samoa5. Andorra6. Angola7. Argentina8. Armenia9. Aruba10. Austria